5. Social trends and the inclusive city

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5. Social trends and the inclusive city

• City population growth and social development are
  also closely linked. The NSDP shows that when
  unemployment is as serious everywhere, migration
  becomes more sensitive to non-economic factors
• Economic development and social development are
  also linked. It is not a waste of valuable
  resources to focus on the social, when it helps
  build the middle class consumer and entrepreneur
  of tomorrow

• Key issues examined in report
• Infrastructure development
• Distribution of wealth and opportunity, and
  burden of costs

• Human development
• Spatial disadvantage
• Security against risk
• Quality of life

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5. Social trends and the inclusive city

• City municipalities have made good progress in
  infrastructure development. Across 9 cities,
  numbers of people served have increased
  dramatically in 96-01
• However population trends mean some proportions
  served remain same or have declined, ie the
  backlogs persist

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5. Social trends and the inclusive city

• There are obviously differences between
  municipalities
• And differences within service levels

• Although the number of households with water on
  site (ie in yard or in dwelling) increased
  between 96-01, this was mostly made up of new
  yard connections
• The number of households with water in-dwelling
  decreased by 121 565
• Partly due to movement of 478 922 households out
  of backyard accommodation in 1996-2001

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5. Social trends and the inclusive city

• There are key differences between municipalities
  in the allocation of resources to social
  facilities

City of Joburg Cape Town Ekurhuleni Nelson Mandela Msunduzi
Total rates per capita 2002/03 R 653.97 R 640.24 R 444.60 R 367.56 R 405.55
CapX on comm. projects 02/03 7.83 3.72 2.79 8.28 11.41
CapX / p on comm. projects 02/03 R 29.10 R 24.01 R 7.86 R 35.78 R 37.61

Establishment Of Parks And Gardens R 7.74 R 3.21 R 0.15 R 8.29 R 5.19
Sports Fields R 8.92 R 6.58 R 2.94 R 10.96 R 5.63
Community Halls R 5.87 R 0.75 R 2.09 R 0.49 R 4.76
Libraries R 1.65 R 0.54 R 0.24 R 0.39 R 11.35
Recreation Facilities R 0.60 R 3.83 R 0.92 R 2.52 R 1.84
Clinics R 2.23 R 4.02 R 0.55 R 2.17 R 0.58
Museums and Art Galleries R 0.91 R 2.36 R 0.97 R 7.50 R 0.00
Other R 1.19 R 2.73 R 0.00 R 3.45 R 8.25
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5. Social trends and the inclusive city

• There are still large differences in access to
  services across racial groups

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5. Social trends and the inclusive city

• Average household income in cities grew from R48
  291 to R71 835 per annum 1996-2001. But

• 179,6 increase in households reporting no income
• Declines in percentage of households at middle
  income levels
• Increase in dependency ratio from 3.13 to 3.41
  (in some cities gt 5)

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5. Social trends and the inclusive city

• Living in the city has become more costly over
  time

• Urban living costs include actual costs,
  transaction costs, and the opportunity costs of
  vulnerability. These costs bear heavily on those
  trying to move out of poverty. Need for a
  social package very NB

Joburg eThekwini Ekurhleni Nel Mand
Average mnthly account for small hshlds R 313.24 R 455.70 R 399.73 R 396.96
Annual hsh income R 1R 4 800 (median R267/m) 117.47 170.89 149.90 148.86
Annual hsh income R 4 801R 9 600 (median R600/m) 52.21 75.95 66.62 66.16
Annual hsh income R 9 601R 19 200 (median R1131/m) 27.69 40.28 35.33 35.09
Annual hsh income R 19 201R 38 400 (median R2263/m) 13.84 20.14 17.67 17.54
Annual hsh income R 38 401R 76 800 (median R4526/m) 6.92 10.07 8.83 8.77
Annual hsh income R 76 801R 153 600 (median R9051/m) 3.46 5.03 4.42 4.39
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5. Social trends and the inclusive city

• Spatial exclusion is worsening as people without
  employment and opportunities are pushed to edges
  of cities

• A picture of locational disadvantage in Ekurhuleni

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5. Social trends and the inclusive city

• With spatial exclusion comes higher costs in
  terms of both time and resources

Average travel time (work in minutes) 50
Average travel time (education in minutes) 28
Average travel cost (work R/month) R 186
Average travel cost (education R/month) R 151
Commuters spending 10 of income on work trip 48
of all trips Average travel time in mins Average cost
One taxi all the way 24.36 48.7 R 3.11
Taxi - taxi 8.88 77.5 R 6.06
One train all the way 3.76 73.1 R 2.23
One bus all the way 3.70 55.5 R 4.06
Taxi - train 1.63 83.8 R 4.40
Train - taxi 0.66 98.7 R 5.04
Taxi - taxi - taxi 0.57 98.8 R 8.33
Train - train 0.47 101.2 R 2.81
Taxi - bus 0.36 84.9 R 6.48
Bus - bus 0.30 85.4 R 6.45
Taxi - train - taxi 0.28 114.9 R 8.24

• Times and costs from the Johannesburg ITP

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5. Social trends and the inclusive city

• Key indicators of levels of human development

• Approx 55 infant deaths per 1000 live births in a
  number of cities
• Most cities have HIV prevalence rates of 29 -
  32, rising to 36 in one city
• TB incidence rates range from 251/100 000
  population to 1470/100 000 in one city
• Life expectancy estimates range from 54yrs to as
  low as 43yrs
• But very good news on education!

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5. Social trends and the inclusive city

• Most residents in the cities do not have any
  formal security against risk

• 67,75 are not covered for any risk
• Only 26,05 are members of medical aid
• Also, 43,13 have no access to banking facilities
  of any kind
• Only 5,45 have a home loan

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5. Social trends and the inclusive city

• Quality of life is a subjective measure of sense
  of well-being in the city. It refers to a number
  of things, not just whether residents have access
  to services.

• Sense of personal dignity esp regard access to
  socio-economic rights
• Convenience, relative to costs, of living in the
  city. And perceived value for money of where
  living
• Sense of belonging in the city connectedness to
  a neighbourhood
• Voice degree of influence over social processes
  that impact on life
• General satisfaction with standard of living, and
  capacity to realistically aspire to a better
  standard

Do you think your childrens lives will be better or worse than your own life? Do you think your childrens lives will be better or worse than your own life?
Their lives will be better 73,2
Their lives will be the same 6,4
Their lives will be worse 10,6
Dont know / refused answer 9,8