5' Social trends and the inclusive city

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5. Social trends and the inclusive city

• City population growth and social development are
  also closely linked. The NSDP shows that when
  unemployment is as serious everywhere, migration
  becomes more sensitive to non-economic factors
• Economic development and social development are
  also linked. It is not a waste of valuable
  resources to focus on the social, when it helps
  build the middle class consumer and entrepreneur
  of tomorrow

• Key issues examined in report
• Infrastructure development
• Distribution of wealth and opportunity, and
  burden of costs

• Human development
• Spatial disadvantage
• Security against risk
• Quality of life

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5. Social trends and the inclusive city

• City municipalities have made good progress in
  infrastructure development. Across 9 cities,
  numbers of people served have increased
  dramatically in 96-01
• However population trends mean some proportions
  served remain same or have declined, ie the
  backlogs persist

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5. Social trends and the inclusive city

• There are obviously differences between
  municipalities
• And differences within service levels

• Although the number of households with water on
  site (ie in yard or in dwelling) increased
  between 96-01, this was mostly made up of new
  yard connections
• The number of households with water in-dwelling
  decreased by 121 565
• Partly due to movement of 478 922 households out
  of backyard accommodation in 1996-2001

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5. Social trends and the inclusive city

• There are key differences between municipalities
  in the allocation of resources to social
  facilities

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5. Social trends and the inclusive city

• There are still large differences in access to
  services across racial groups

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5. Social trends and the inclusive city

• Average household income in cities grew from R48
  291 to R71 835 per annum 1996-2001. But

• 179,6 increase in households reporting no income
• Declines in percentage of households at middle
  income levels
• Increase in dependency ratio from 3.13 to 3.41
  (in some cities gt 5)

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5. Social trends and the inclusive city

• Living in the city has become more costly over
  time

• Urban living costs include actual costs,
  transaction costs, and the opportunity costs of
  vulnerability. These costs bear heavily on those
  trying to move out of poverty. Need for a
  social package very NB

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5. Social trends and the inclusive city

• Spatial exclusion is worsening as people without
  employment and opportunities are pushed to edges
  of cities

• A picture of locational disadvantage in Ekurhuleni

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5. Social trends and the inclusive city

• With spatial exclusion comes higher costs in
  terms of both time and resources

• Times and costs from the Johannesburg ITP

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5. Social trends and the inclusive city

• Key indicators of levels of human development

• Approx 55 infant deaths per 1000 live births in a
  number of cities
• Most cities have HIV prevalence rates of 29 -
  32, rising to 36 in one city
• TB incidence rates range from 251/100 000
  population to 1470/100 000 in one city
• Life expectancy estimates range from 54yrs to as
  low as 43yrs
• But very good news on education!

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5. Social trends and the inclusive city

• Most residents in the cities do not have any
  formal security against risk

• 67,75 are not covered for any risk
• Only 26,05 are members of medical aid
• Also, 43,13 have no access to banking facilities
  of any kind
• Only 5,45 have a home loan

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5. Social trends and the inclusive city

• Quality of life is a subjective measure of sense
  of well-being in the city. It refers to a number
  of things, not just whether residents have access
  to services.

• Sense of personal dignity esp regard access to
  socio-economic rights
• Convenience, relative to costs, of living in the
  city. And perceived value for money of where
  living
• Sense of belonging in the city connectedness to
  a neighbourhood
• Voice degree of influence over social processes
  that impact on life
• General satisfaction with standard of living, and
  capacity to realistically aspire to a better
  standard