Operating System Principles ??????

1
Operating System Principles??????

• ??
• ABRAHAM SILBERSCHATZ
• Yale University
• PETER BAER GALVIN
• Corporate Technologies
• GREG GAGNE
• Westminster College
• ??
• ??? ??? ???

2
??? ?? (Overview)

• ???? (Operating system) ???????????????????
• ?????????????????????
• ??????????????,???????????????????????????????????
  ?????

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CHAPTER 1 ?? (Introduction)

• 1.1 ???????
• 1.2 ??????
• 1.3 ??????
• 1.4 ??????
• 1.5 ???????
• 1.6 ????
• 1.7 ??????
• 1.8 ?????
• 1.9 ?????
• 1.10 ?????
• 1.11 ??????
• 1.12 ????

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1.1 ????????

• ??????????????(Hardware)?????(Operating
  System)?????(Application Program)????(User)?

People, machines, and other computers
Word processors, compilers, web browsers,
database systems, video games
Windows, Solaris, Linux, OS2
CPU, memory, I/O devices
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• 1.1.1 ?????
• PC ??(???)????(ease of use)
• ???? (mainframe)?????(minicomputer)????????(resou
  rce utilization)
• ??? (workstations)???? (servers) compromise
  between individual usability and resource
  utilization
• ????? (handheld computers) individual usability,
  but performance per amount of battery life is
  important as well
• 1.1.2 ????
• ????? (resource allocator) Manages all
  resources?Decides between conflicting requests
  for efficient and fair resource use
• ????(control program) Controls execution of
  programs to prevent errors and improper use of
  the computer
• 1.1.3 ??????
• Kernel Two main goals --Convenience and
  Efficiency
• The one program running at all times on the
  computer is the kernel (??). Everything else is
  either a system program (ships with the operating
  system) or an application program

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1.2 ??????

• 1.2.1 ?????? (computer-system operation)
• One or more CPUs, device controllers connect
  through common bus providing access to shared
  memory
• Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices
  competing for memory cycles

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1.2 ??????

• ??Startup
• 1.?????(bootstrap program)???????(ROM)??????????(E
  EPROM)??????firmware, 2. ????????????, 3.
  ???????(init), 4. ???????(interrupt), Windows
  Unix ??????????,??1.3

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Common Functions of Interrupts

• Determines which type of interrupt has occurred
• polling
• vectored interrupt system
• Interrupt transfers control to the interrupt
  service routine generally, through the interrupt
  vector, which contains the addresses of all the
  service routines.
• Interrupt architecture must save the address of
  the interrupted instruction.
• Incoming interrupts are disabled while another
  interrupt is being processed to prevent a lost
  interrupt.
• An operating system is interrupt driven.

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• 1.2.2 ????? (Storage Structure)

• Main memory only large storage media that the
  CPU can access directly.
• RAM (random access memory)
• Secondary storage extension of main memory that
  provides large nonvolatile storage capacity.
• Disks
• Storage systems organized in hierarchy.
• Speed (??)
• Cost (??)
• Size (??)
• Volatility (???)

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• 1.2.2 ?????

??????
?????
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• 1.2.3 I/O ??

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1.3 ??????

• 1.3.1 ???????
• ????????????
• 1.3.2 ??????(multiprocessor system, parallel
  system, tightly coupled system)
• ??????????,???????????????????
• ?????????????1. ????(increase throughput)
  2.????(economy of scale) 3. ?????(increased
  reliability)
• ???????1. ???????(asymmetric multiprocessing)-???
  ??????????????,????? 2.??????(symmetric
  multiprocessing, SMP)-????????????,????????Window
  s XP, Mac OS, Linux ???SMP

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• 1.3.3 ????? (Clustered System)
• ???????????,??????, ??????????,????????(high-avail
  ability)
• ???????(asymmetric clustering)-
  ???????????(hot-standby mode)??????????,
  ????????????
• ??????(symmetric clustering)- ?????????????????

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1.4 ??????

• ??????????????,????????????????????????????
  (multiprogramming)??????CPU??????,???CPU?????
• ????????????????????,?????????(job
  pool)??????????,????????????????????????
• ?????????(? I/O ??) ,CPU ?????????

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• Timesharing (multitasking) is logical extension
  in which CPU switches jobs so frequently that
  users can interact with each job while it is
  running, creating interactive computing
• Response time should be lt 1 second
• Each user has at least one program executing in
  memory ?process
• If several jobs ready to run at the same time ?
  CPU scheduling
• If processes dont fit in memory, swapping moves
  them in and out to run
• Virtual memory allows execution of processes not
  completely in memory

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1.5 ???????

• ???????????? (interrupt driven),?????????,??I/O???
  ????????????,????????????????????????????????????
  ?
• ?????????????????????????,???????,????????????????
  ???????
• ????????????????????? (??????)?????????????????

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• 1.5.1 ?????
• ????? (user mode)????? (kernel mode? supervisor
  mode,???????,system mode?????,privileged mode)?
• ??????,????????????????????,??????????????????????
  ??????????,???????????????,????????????,??????????
  ??????????????????????, ?????????

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• 1.5.2 ???(Timer)
• ???????????????????????????????????,?????????????
  ?????????,?????????(timer)?
• ?????????????????????????? (??,1/60?)????(??,?1???
  1?)?
• ??,???????????????????????????????????????????????
  ,?? 7?????????????????420??? 1??,???????????????
  1?????????,??????????????????????,????????????????
  ?????

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1.6 ????

• ??(process)??????????,???????????,??
  CPU??????????I/O???,??????????????????????????,???
  ?????????????,?????? (??)???????????????
• ???????,?????????????
• ??????????????
• ????????
• ?????????
• ?????????
• ?????????

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1.7 ??????

• ????????????????,?????,???????????????????????????
  ,????????????????,?????????????,??????,???????????
  ?,???????????????
• ????????,?????????????
• ???????????????????
• ????????????????
• ??????????????

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1.8 ?????

• 1.8.1 ??????
• ????????
• ????????????
• ??????????????
• ???????????
• ?? (????)??????????
• 1.8.2 ???????
• ??????
• ?????
• ????

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• 1.8.3 ?????(caching)

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• 1.8.4 I/O ??
• ??????????????????????????
• ??????????
• ??????????

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1.9 ?????

• ??????????????????????,????????????
• ??????,????????????????????CPU????????????????????
  ?????????

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1.10 ?????

• ??????????????,??????????????,??????????????,?????
  ????
• ????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????,??????????????

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1.11 ??????

• 1.11.1 ??????
• ?????????????????????????????,?????????????VCRs
  ?????
• ??????????????????(real-time operating
  systems)???????????????????????????????????,??????
  ???????????????
• ???????????????????????,??????????????????
• ????????????????????,?????????????????????????????
  ????????????,?????????????

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• 1.11.2 ?????
• ???????????????????,????????????????????
• ????????????? (multimedia data)
  ?????????,?????????????????
• 1.11.3 ????
• ???? (handheld system)????????? (Personal digital
  assistants, PDAs),?????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????,???????????????????

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1.12 ????

• 1.12.1 ????
• ?????????????????????????(??????????),?????????,??
  ???????????????????????????,??????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????
• 1.12.2 ?? - ????? (Client-Server System)
• ???????(computer-server system),???????(file-serve
  r system)

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• 1.12.3 ????? (peer to peer)
• ???????,??????????????????????????,?????????????,?
  ???????????,?????????????????????
• ????????,?????????????????,?????????,?????????????
  ??????????,????????,????????,??????????????????
• 1.12.4 ?????????
• ?????(Windows 95,98)???(Windows XP, Linux..)