ECOLOGY

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ECOLOGY

• Honors Ch 2 and 4
• Magnet- Ch 46-49

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Terms to know

• Ecology-study of interaction between organisms
  and their environment
• Biosphere
• Biotic vs. abiotic factors
• Population
• Community
• Ecosystem (includes abiotic factors)
• Biome

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Ch 36-Ecological levels of organization
Section 3-1
Go to Section
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Ecosystem Interactions

• Habitat vs. Niche
• Whats the difference?

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Community Interactions

• Competition
• Predation
• Symbiotic relationships
• Mutualism-ex-Lichens
• Commensalism-ex-lichens and a tree
• Parasitism-ex-mosquitos and us!

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Flow of energy in ecosystem

• Words to know autotrophs, heterotrophs,
• herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, detrivore
• Energy flow food chains, food webs
• Ecological pyramids (Only 10 of available
  energy moves up the pyramid). See p. 44

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Ecological Pyramids
Section 3-2
Energy Pyramid Shows the relative amount of
energy available at each trophic level.
Organisms use about 10 percent of this energy
for life processes. The rest is lost as heat.
Pyramid of Numbers Shows the relative number of
individual organisms at each trophic level.
Biomass Pyramid Represents the amount of living
organic matter at each trophic level.
Typically, the greatest biomass is at the base
of the pyramid.
Go to Section
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Global cycles

• Water -evaporation, transpiration, precipitation
• Carbon -photosynthesis and respiration
• Nitrogen -relies on bacteria
• Phosphorus -weathering of rock

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Water cycle
The Water Cycle
Section 3-3
Condensation
Precipitation
Runoff
Seepage
Root Uptake
Go to Section
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Carbon Cycle

• Depends on two main processes-Photosynthesis and
  Respiration
• Remember the equations for both!

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Carbon Cycle
Figure 3-13 The Carbon Cycle
Section 3-3
CO2 in Atmosphere
CO2 in Ocean
Go to Section
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Nitrogen cycle

• Most nitrogen is in the atmosphere
• Plants can only use nitrogen in the form of
  ammonium or nitrate
• Bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonium
  or nitrates, which is absorbed by plants
• There are other bacteria that can convert these
  molecules back to atmospheric nitrogen

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Nitrogen Cycle
Figure 3-14 The Nitrogen Cycle
Section 3-3
N2 in Atmosphere
NO3- and NO2-
NH3
Go to Section
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Phosphorus Cycle

• Depends heavily on the weathering of rock
• Plants absorb dissolved phosphate ions from the
  soil
• Also, decomposers can return phosphates back to
  soil
• Because weathering is a slow process, phosphorus
  is often a limiting nutrient to plant growth

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Ch 3-Communities and Biomes

• Community- group of interacting organisms that
  occupy the same area at the same time
• Limiting factor- any abiotic or biotic factor
  that restricts the numbers, reproduction or
  distribution of organisms (ex-sunlight, water,
  temp, nutrients, space, etc). All organisms have
  a range of tolerance

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Two types of Succession

• 1. Primary Succession
• a. Creates new colonies of organisms in
  new areas where no soil exists
• (EX islands formed by volcanoes)
• b. takes a long time b/c soil(break down of
  rocks)
• c. Pioneer species 1st organisms to move
  into an area
• d. Community continues to grow until limiting
  factors, environ. change , or natural disasters
• e. Climax community - stable,
• mature not much change
• occurring

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• 2. Secondary succession
• a. Changes that occur to a community after
  a natural disaster or environmental
  destruction
• b. "Old" species die and new species may move
  in
• c. This one doesnt take as long as primary
  because the soil is already established.

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Biomes

• Each set of Biomes is defined by a unique set of
  abiotic factors-particularly climate-and has a
  characteristic ecological community.

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Biomes of the Earth
Figure 4-17 The Worlds Major Land Biomes
Section 4-3
Temperate grassland
Tropical rain forest
Temperate forest
Tundra
Northwestern coniferous forest
Mountains and ice caps
Tropical dry forest
Desert
Temperate woodland and shrubland
Tropical savanna
Boreal forest (Taiga)
Go to Section
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Ten Major Biomes Ten Major Biomes Ten Major Biomes Ten Major Biomes Ten Major Biomes Ten Major Biomes Ten Major Biomes
Biome Precipitation Temperature Soil Diversity Trees Grasses
Tropical Rain Forest high hot poor high dense Sparse tropical RF are the most diverse of all biomes
Tropical Dry Forest variable mild rich moderate medium medium
Tropical Savanna variable mild clay moderate sparse dense
Desert low variable poor moderate sparse sparse
Temperate Grassland moderate summer hot rich moderate absent dense
Shrubland (chaparral) summer low, winter moderate summer hot poor low absent medium
Compare/Contrast Table
Section 4-3
Go to Section
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Temperate deciduous Forest moderate summer moderate, winter cold rich high dense sparse
Coniferous Forest (Boreal)includes taiga high summer mild, winter cold rocky, acidic low dense sparse
Tundra low Summer mild, winter cold poor low absent Medium know-permafrost
biome classifications usually dont include icecaps
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Marine Ecosystems
Figure 4-17 Zones of a Marine Ecosystem
Section 4-4
land
Photic zone
200m
1000m
Coastal ocean
Aphotic zone
4000m
Open ocean
6000m
Ocean trench
10,000m
Continental shelf
Continental slope and continental rise
Abyssal plain
Go to Section
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• Aquatic ecosystems
• Freshwater
• a-flowing, b-standing c-wetlands
• -Estuaries- where fresh water merges with salt
  water. Very diverse
• -Marine Intertidal Pelagic (photic and
  aphotic) benthic (area along ocean floor) Page
  80-81. The abyssal zone is the deepest region of
  the ocean (deepest point is over 7 miles deep).
  Why is the sea salty? Go to

http//www.myuniversalfacts.com/2006/05/why-is-sea
-salty.html
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Causes of Ecological Problems

• Acid Precipitation
• Results from the presence of sulfur oxides and
  nitrogen oxides in the air
• Come from the burning of fossil fuels
• Greenhouse Effect
• Due to a rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide and
  methane
• Carbon dioxide released from the combustion of
  fossil fuel

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More causes

• Ozone depletion
• Due to CFCs used as refrigerants and propellants
• CFCs turn ozone into oxygen gas
• Biological magnification
• Because of pyramid of numbers, small
  concentrations of toxins in an environment become
  concentrated to dangerous levels in higher
  trophic organisms
• Habitat destruction

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Population Dynamics

• Population density number of organisms per unit
  area
• Dispersion- may be uniform, clumped or random.
  Depends on available resources.

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Section Outline
Section 5-2

• Limits to Growth
• A. Population Limiting Factors
• 1. Density-Dependent Factors
• a. Competition
• b. Predation
• Parasitism and Disease
• Essentially anything biotic
• 2.Density-Independent Factors
• a. abiotic- weather and climate, natural
  disasters (bottlenecks), human activities (CFCs,
  Burning fossil fuels, etc).

Go to Section
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Population ecology
Concept Map
Section 5-1
Population Growth
can be
represented by
characterized by
characterized by
represented by
which cause a
Go to Section
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Figure 5-4 Logistic Growth of Yeast Population
Section 5-1
Carrying capacity
Number of Yeast Cells
Time (hours)
Go to Section
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Human Population Growth historical events
Industrial Revolution begins
Agriculture begins
Bubonic plague
Plowing and irrigation
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Group discussion

• What are some specific factors that have resulted
  in the growth of the human population?
• What is biodiversity?
• How have humans threatened biodiversity? Give
  some specific examples
• Make sure you know the difference in renewable
  vs nonreneweable resources