Blood

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Blood
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Blood is a specialized connective tissue cells
are suspended in liquid matrix called plasma

• Functions
• Transport substances to and from cells in body
• Regulate temperature, acids, bases, salts
  water
• Protection vs. disease or loss of fluid via
  clotting mechanism

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Components

• Plasma 90 water. Contains cells, nutrients,
  cellular waste, immune factors and proteins.
• Plasma proteins albumin, globulins, fibrinogen
• Red Blood Cells erythrocytes transports oxygen
  via hemoglobin
• White Blood Cells leukocytes immune function
• Plateletsthrombocytes clotting mechanism

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All blood cells are derived from the same stem
cells in the bone marrow. Depending on body
needs, they will differentiate into specific
cells.
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Red Blood Cells

• More 600-700x more numerous than WBCs
• 17x more numerous than platelets
• Once mature, lose their nuclei, and interior area
  is occupied by hemoglobin molecule.
• Hemoglobin contains iron which binds onto
  oxygen molecule
• Oxygenated hemoglobin oxyhemoglobin
• Deoxygenated hemoglobin deoxyhemoglobin

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White Blood Cells

• Neutrophils
• Basophils
• Eosinophils
• Monocytes
• Lymphocytes BT

• Develop in bone marrow mature in spleen and
  thymus
• Phagocytes neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes

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Blood Clotting /coagulation

• Injury to tissue causes release of chemicals that
  initiate clotting mechanism
• Process requires 30 different proteins called
  clotting factors
• Calcium is required for this process

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Circulatory System Blood Vessels
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Blood Vessels
Arteries carry blood away from the heart Veins
carry blood towards the heart have
valves Capillaries vessel that allows exchange
with tissues 60,000 miles in adult
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Structure of vessels

• Outermost layer tunica externa/adventitia
  dense connective tissue primarily collagen
• Middle layer tunica media muscle layer, also
  has elastic connective tissue
• Innermost layer - tunica interna epithelium
  called endothelium special name for epithelial
  tissue of this system
• Hollow area where blood travels lumen

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Pulses

• Carotid
• Temporal
• Radial
• Brachial
• Abdominal
• Femoral
• Popliteal
• Dorsalis Pedis
• Tibialis

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Blood Pressure measures the volume of blood Read
by using a sphygmomanometer BP cuff and
stethoscope Record first distinct sound as
systolic number systolic BP contraction of
heart/how hard the heart is working Record the
last distinct sound as diastolic number
diastolic BP heart at rest/ the resistance of
blood by the vessels how dilated or constricted
they are. Normal lt120/lt80 Hypertension
high blood pressure 140/90 Hypotension low
blood pressure
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2. Make sure patient is comfortable, and limb is
supported. Put cuff on limb just above the
antecubital crease. 3. Inflate the cuff to
approx. 180 mg Hg, and slowly deflate. 4. Listen
for first distinct sound mentally note number,
and last distinct sound noting number. 5. Be
sure to completely deflate cuff when done, and
remove from arm.
1. Choose a BP cuff that is the proper size,
which depends on the circumference of the limb
Lowest blood pressure is in the R atrium of heart
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Hypertension

• Today roughly 65 million Americans have high
  blood pressure and another 45 million have
  pre-hypertension.
• Americans spend more than 15 billion each year
  on drugs to treat hypertension
• The 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans
  recommends that young adults consume less than
  2,300 mg of sodium per day. People with
  hypertension, African Americans, and middle-aged
  and elderly peoplealmost half the populationare
  advised to consume no more than 1,500 mg per day.
  Source CSPI

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