Imperialism in Asia

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Imperialism in Asia
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Europeans had long been interested in the riches
of the Orient, especially after the Portuguese
explorer Vasco da Gama proved it was possible to
travel by sea around Africa to India.

• Image source http//www.thornr.demon.co.uk/kchr
  ist/vasco.gif

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Sir Robert Clive, an agent of the British East
India Company, was instrumental in positioning
Great Britain to seize all of the Indian
sub-continent.

• Image source http//opioids.com/opium/robert-cl
  ive.gif

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His defeat of the French at the Battle of Plassey
in 1757 gave the British a free hand in India.

• Image source http//www.sterlingtimes.org/clive
  _of_india.jpg

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Over the next hundred years the British expanded
their territory in India through wars and
commercial activity.

• Image source http//www.lib.berkeley.edu/SSEAL/
  echoes/introduction/0_1.jpg

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Many Englishmen enjoyed a comfortable life as
colonial administrators.

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  home.jpg

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  GES/FORCLUB05.jpg

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The British employed a large number of native
troops known as sepoys to control their new realm.

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  st/images/portraits/1860-2.jpg

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Between 1857 and 1859 the sepoys mutinied and
tried to drive the British out of India.

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  ies/worldstud/97-98/imper/india/sepoy.jpg

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British might prevailed, and India remained part
of their empire until 1949.

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  .randall1/indiaraj.gif

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rialism/images/imperialism.gif
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The British sent out a viceroy to rule as the
monarchs representative in India.

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  g/volume6/212.jpg

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Queen Victoria as Empress

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  k/images/late_news/06_may/portrait2.jpg

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Imperialism in China
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China was a powerful empire in her own right when
European explorers arrived during the Age of
Discovery.
Image source http//www.wwnorton.com/college/hi
story/ralph/ralimage/map21chi.jpg
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China was ruled by emperors of the Manchu Qing
(Ching) Dynasty from 1644 to 1911.

• Image source http//www.chinapage.com/emperor/qi
  ng1207.jpg

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The Qing (Ching) emperors were assisted by a
professional bureaucratic corps of
Confucian-trained scholars known as mandarins.

• Image source http//www.lcsc.edu/modernchina/im
  ages/Linzexu.gif

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The mandarins controlled virtually every aspect
of Chinese life.
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Ethnic Han Chinese were expected to shave their
foreheads and wear their hair in a long queue as
a sign of their subservience to their Manchu
overlords.
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Europeans initially came to exchange goods with
the Chinese.

• Image source http//www.eraoftheclipperships.co
  m/images/chinatea.jpg

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One of the items the British traded for in large
quantity was tea.

• Image source http//news.bbc.co.uk/olmedia/7650
  00/images/_767424_tea150.jpg

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Fleets of China clippers plied the high seas,
bringing the riches of the Orient to the people
of the West.
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There was little if anything the peopleof the
Middle Kingdom wanted fromthe Barbarians of the
West.

• Image source http//www.people.fas.harvard.edu/
  chgis/btns/zhenjng_banner.jpg

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Since the Chinese bought little from the West, a
trade imbalance resulted between Britain and
China.

• Image source http//www.secure-eleasing.com/tes
  tequity/images/balance.gif

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British gold and silver flowed into Chinese
coffers.

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  .jpg

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In an effort to reverse this trend,the British
began to grow Opiumin India for export to China.

• Image source
• http//www.sustainablepetaluma.net/films_may-2002/
  opium-poppypic.jpg

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Many Chinese quickly became addicted to opium,
and money began to flow back into British coffers.

• Image source http//opioids.com/opium/opiumsmok
  ers.jpg

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On a number of different occasions, Chinese
authorities seized and destroyed cargoes of opium
in an effort to halt the pernicious trade.
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The British responded with force, resulting in
the Opium War of 1839-42.

• Image source http//opioids.com/images/opiumwar
  .jpg

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The Chinese were easily defeated, and the British
were able to dictate the terms of the peace
treaty.

• Image source http//www.interbulletin.com/cspec
  ial/his/his1.jpg

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Results of the Opium Wars

• first of a series of unequal treaties between
  China and foreign powers
• -five ports opened to British residence and
  trade
• -Chinese are treated as second-class citizens in
  their own country

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extraterritoriality

• immunity from local laws
• -foreigners had the right to be tried in court
  by the laws of their own country before a judge
  from their own country

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It was at this period that the British acquired a
one-hundred-and-fifty year lease of Hong Kong.

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• http//home.planet.nl/pbdavis/HongKong.gif

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British actions highlighted just how weak China
was, and soon other European powers were imposing
their will on the Middle Kingdom.

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  ialism.gif

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Taiping Rebellion(1851-64)

• one of the longest, most devastating war in
  Chinese history
• spread rapidly throughout the countryside
• was an attempt to overthrow the Qing dynasty

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Taiping Rebellion(1851-64)

• rebel philosophy a fusion of Christianity and
  traditional beliefs
• put-down with aid of Western powers
• ravaged country and greatly weakened China

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In 1884, the French inflicted a series of
humiliating defeats on a weakened China.

• Image source
• http//www.ibiblio.org/pub/multimedia/pictures/asi
  a/vietnam/history/hunghoa.jpg

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France acquired control over the tributary states
of Tonkin, Annam, and Cochinchina, as well as
eventually establishing a sphere-of-influence
over southeast China proper.

• Image source http//www.ehistory.com/vietnam/ma
  ps/images/018.jpg

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Sino-Japanese War(1894-95)

• war between China and Japan
• hostilities initiated by Japan before war was
  formally declared

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Japan used propaganda in the form of art to unify
their people and stir up the martial ardor of the
nation in its war with China.
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The commander of the IJS Yoshino, Captain Togo,
later commanded the Japanese fleet that defeated
the Russian navy at the Battle of Tsushima during
the Russo-Japanese War.

• Image source http//www.russojapanesewar.com/ga
  llery/images/Yoshino.jpg

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Korea gained independence under Japanese
protection.(It was later annexed to Japanese
empire).
Japan gained influence in Manchuria.
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Formosa
Formosa

• China also lost control of the island of Formosa
  to Japan.

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Japanese interests ran afoul of the interests of
an expanding Russian Empire, which was in search
of warm water ports in the Far East.

• Image source http//www.carto.com/maps/02096208
  .jpg

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Eventually Russia and Japan would fight a brutal
war during 1904-05 over control of Manchuria in
northeast China.

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  val_links.html

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During the late-1800s Germany established a
sphere-of-influence over Tsingtao in Shantung
Province.

• Image source http//www.nwc.navy.mil/press/Revi
  ew/2000/winter/graphics/Saxon20map201.jpg

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An Outpost of Tsingtao (Qingdao), the German
Stronghold in China

• Image source http//www.lib.byu.edu/estu/wwi/co
  mment/chinawwi/images/China02.jpg

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Spheres-of-Influence

• region in which an outside power claims exclusive
  trading rights and privileges (monopoly)
• usually along the coast and/or on major rivers
• a result of unequal treaties

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John Hay, the American Secretary of State at the
turn-of the-century, proposed to level the
playing field when he advocated an Open Door
policy in China.
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Americas Open Door Policy
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An uprising known as the Boxer Rebellion erupted
in Northern China in the late-1800s.

• Image source
• http//www.grtc.org/articles/martialcivil/image/Bo
  xerWFlag.jpg

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Fueled by a desire to return to traditional ways
of life, its goal was to expel the evil
influences of European culture, primarily
Christianity.
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The Boxer movement was particularly strong among
the rural peasants of North China.
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The Dowager Empress Ci Xi secretly supported the
rebels, while publicly backing the efforts of the
European powers to suppress the rebellion.

• Image source http//www.isop.ucla.edu/eas/image
  s/cixi2.gif

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• The Boxer Uprising was ultimately suppressed by
  the Western powers.

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The Western powers battlingthe Chinese dragon.
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Republic of China

• Established on 10 October 1911 after a brief
  revolution.

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Dr. Sun Yat-sen(1866-1925)

• aka Father of the Revolution
• first president of China
• founded the Kuomingtang Party

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Three Principles of the People

• 1. Nationalism
• 2. Democracy
• 3. Livelihood

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Yuan Shih-kai(1859-1916)

• Qing (Ching) general who replaced Dr. Sun
  Yat-sen as president of China in early-1912
• tried to reestablish the monarchy with himself as
  emperor
• -was deposed in 1916

Image source http//www.lib.byu.edu/estu/wwi/com
ment/chinawwi/images/China03.jpg
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Kuomingtang(aka Nationalist)

• led China towards democracy
• had little real power outside of major cities in
  the south
• -country slides into chaos