Final Review Semester 1

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Final Review Semester 1
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Age of the Christian Roman Empire III

• Augustine, East V. West, and the war of
  Theological Supremacy

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Eusebius of Cæsarea c. 260-340

• The Father of Church History
• Extreme Moderate
• A Historian but not a theologian
• Proposed compromise in Council of Nicæa
• Friend of Constantine
• Bishop of Cæsarea

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Aurelius AugustinusSt. Augustine 354-430

• Born to a Pagan father and a Christian Mother
• Became a Manichee for 10 years
• Saved Later in life
• Preeminent Scholar and Theologian
• Post conversion gave up career as
  Rhetorician/government official

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St. Augustine 354-430

• An Active Apologist
• Lived simply with monastic tendencies
• Appointed as Bishop of Hippo
• Wrote many works
• Confessions, City of God, Retractions, The
  Letters, Questions and Responses, Many various
  Religious-Apologetic-Polemic works
• Died 430 AD during the Vandal Siege of Hippo

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Pope Leo I 440-461

• Leo The Great
• Powerful Theologian
• Firmly believed he was the successor of Peter,
  and Peter was the ruler of the Church
• Peter died in Rome therefore his spiritual power
  remained with Rome
• Emphatically spoke of his authority

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Pope Leo I 440-461

• Not with the Pope not part of the church not
  part of Christianity not saved
• All powerful Pope was not immediately or
  universally accepted
• Obtained an edict from Western emperor
  Valentinian III, saying papal decrees have the
  force of Law, and all bishops should obey them
• Left 96 Sermons and 173 Epistles, the first works
  left to us by a Roman Bishop

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Pope Leo I 440-461

• Saved Rome from being destroyed twice
• 452 AD from Attila the Hun
• 455 AD Vandal King Genseric pillaged for 14 days

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St. Antony 250-357

• Became a monk at age 20
• Was inspired by the words of Mt. 1921-22
• Sold his goods, gave much away, took care of his
  sister and ran away to a tomb
• Tomb got crowded so he started a monastery in the
  mountains

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St. Antony 250-357

• Fought with the Devil in many times and ways
• Desired to be a martyr
• Performed many miracles
• Uneducated, but wise
• Debated with Pagans

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St. Benedict

• Father of modern monasticism
• Monk at age 15
• Knowledgeably ignorant and wisely unlearned
• Performed many miracles
• Formed many small monasteries with 12 monks and
  one abbot
• Lived out of the world to save the world
• Wrote out the Regula Benedicti Rule of Benedict

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Rule of Benedict

• Democratic government, Abbot-provost-deans
• 1 year trial for initiates
• Ora et Labora Prayer Manual Labor
• Threefold vow
• Stabilitas adherence to the monastic order
• Conversio Morum poverty, chastity, piety
• Obedientia coram Deo et sanctis ejus Absolute
  obedience to the Abbot the cardinal virtue of
  the monk.
• Preserved many classics through libraries

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Gregory The Great 540-604

• Born into a wealthy family
• Well educated
• Gave up prefecture of Rome, sold his belongings
  and built a St. Andrews monastery where he became
  a Benedictine monk
• Later became ambassador to Constantinople, then
  Abbot of St. Andrews
• He is reluctantly appointed Bishop of Rome, and
  initiates a march against the Plague which ends
  miraculously.

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Gregory The Great 540-604

• Becomes pope in 590
• Takes over in Rome due to absent emperor even in
  military affairs
• Defended the city from a Lombard invasion.
• Humbly enforces the Roman supremacy over all
  other churches.

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Gregory The Great 540-604

• Doctor Ecclesia Wrote Liber pastoralis curae
  book on the office of Bishop also wrote
  Dialogues
• Maybe initiated Gregorian Chant
• Sent a team of 30 monk missionaries to the
  Anglo-Saxons ultimately resulting in their
  conversion

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The Middle Ages II590-1517

• Charlemagne and the rise of Islam

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Charlemagne the Great 747-814

• Charles Magnus charlesmagnus gt
  Charlemagne
• Karl der Große german
• Karel de Grote dutch
• Carolus Magnus - latin

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Charlemagne the Great 747-814

• Great Christian king of the Franks
• Conquered much of the western world, especially
  to protect the bishop of Rome
• The Moses of the middle ages
• Powerful warrior 53 military campaigns
• Expanded his empire by 2x

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Charlemagne the Great 747-814

• Strong and well built man
• He loved baths
• Great statesman- gave audiences while getting
  dressed
• Intelligent and religious
• Very charitable, gave alms, built bridges, and
  churches
• Recorded laws and German tradition
• Started schools yay public education

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Charlemagne the Great 747-814

• Interesting marriage life
• 5 wives in short order then settled down with 4-5
  concubines
• Beheaded 4500 prisoners in one day, then split up
  their families across the empire.
• Rumored to have loved his daughters a bit tooo
  much.

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Charlemagne the Great 747-814

• Rode into Rome to rescue Pope Leo III from an
  uprising
• He was surprised by being crowned the Holy
  Roman Emperor in 800AD
• This begins the Holy Roman Empire the combination
  between a German king and an Italian Pope.

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Mohammed 570-632

• Born 570 AD in Mecca with miraculous signs
  accompanying
• Epileptic
• Goat herder and caravan attendant
• At 25 married a 40 yr. old rich widow Kadija
• Remained Married for 25 years until Kadijas
  death, he then married at least 11 other women

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Mohammed 570-632

• Spent his time in meditation
• At 40 he had a vision of Gabriel telling him to
  read
• Doubted his calling as a prophet, initially
  ascribing it to demons, but was reassured by his
  wife Kadija.

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Mohammed 570-632

• 622 the Hegira(Mohammeds flight from Mecca to
  Medina) takes place
• Not having income, the Muslims become warrior
  bandits.
• 624 major victory in the Battle of Uhud
• Massacred 700 Jews and sold their families into
  slavery
• 627-630 consolidation of power and the conquest
  of Mecca

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Mohammed 570-632

• After conquering Mecca he emptied and rededicated
  the Kaaba
• He consolidated rule of Arabia, then sent out
  missionaries to convert the world.
• He died in the arms of Aishah June 8, 632

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Mohammed 570-632

• Generally patient and kind
• When provoked entirely pitiless
• After Kadija he became a severe polygamist
• His favorite wife Aishah, he betrothed when she
  was 6 and consummated when she was 9(he was 53)
• 8th wife Zaynab was his cousin and daughter in
  law
• He gave women some rights, though by no means
  equality with man

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Islam

• Five or Six Pillars of Islam
• There is no god but Allah, and Mohammed is his
  prophet
• Praying 5 times a day towards Mecca
• Pilgrimage to Mecca at least once
• Giving alms for pious and charitable Purposes
• Fasting from Sunrise to Sunset during Ramadan
• (optional) Jihad

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Reasons for the Spread of Islam

1. Fanaticism
2. Monotheistic
3. Corruption of the Byzantine Empire
4. Replacement of government only
5. Anti-icon
6. Better Generals

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The Middle Ages III590-1517

• Papal Power and the Crusades

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Hildebrand a.k.a Gregory VII

• Obscure background
• Short in stature, strong in presence
• Friend of Pope Gregory VI
• Lord of the Popes 1049-1054 Leo IX, Victor II,
  Stephen IX, Nicolas II, Alexander II
• Became pope Gregory VII 1073-1085
• Warred against Nicolaitism, Simony, and
  Investiture.
• Emphasized the absolute authority of the Pope

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Papal Powers

1. Excommunication the cutting off of one person
   from communion and the church loss of salvation,
   no hope for heaven unless forgiven by Pope
2. Interdiction A locational and/or personal
   excommunication.
3. World Authority the power to depose and crown
   kings at the will of the Pope

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Church vs. StateGregory VII v. Henry IV

• Henry denounces Gregory
• Gregory Excommunicates Henry
• Henry grovels at Canossa and regains the Papal
  blessing
• 2 years go by
• Henry replaces Gregory with a new Pope
• Gregory excommunicates/Interdicts Henry
• They war
• They die

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The Crusades

• Primarily a French institution
• Armed Journeys to recapture the Holy Land
• Carrying the cross
• Christian Pilgrimage
• Defeat of Islam
• Monetary and spiritual gain
• 7 great crusades 1095-1270
• Unite the Eastern and Western churches

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The First Crusade 1095-1099

• Initiated by Pope Urban II in response to a call
  for help from Constantinople
• Inspired by Peter the Hermit
• The people looted and pillaged along the way
• 300,000 irregulars slaughtered before they
  reached their goal.
• Occurred in swarms of mixed people, not just
  soldiers.

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The First Crusade 1095-1099

• Major slaughter at Nicea, later it was captured
• Antioch gained, almost lost, but saved by finding
  the spear that pierced Christs side.
• Jerusalem after a long siege was captured, a
  great slaughter of Infidels, Jews, and heretics
  ensued.
• Set up a kingdom that lasted until 1187

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The Childrens Crusade

• Inspired in 1212 by a French shepherd boy
  Stephen.
• Marched to Marseilles, grew in numbers up to
  30,000,
• Expected the sea to open for them to march across
• Hugo Ferrus and William Porcus offered to
  transport them
• Ferrus and Porcus sailed to Africa and sold the
  children into slavery

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Failures of the Crusades

1. The holy land was not won
2. Islam was not permanantly stopped
3. The East/West Schism was not healed
4. Lots and lots of people were killed
5. War atrocities
6. Indulgences

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Benefits of the Crusades

1. Spirtual awakening in many
2. Class interaction
3. Knowledge expanded, geography, customs etc.
4. Major increase in trade

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The Middle Ages IV590-1517

• Late Middle Ages
• Assisi, Captivity, Schism and Inquisition

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St. Francis of Assisi

• Frater Parvulus little brother
• Il poverello little poor man
• John Giovanni
• Francesco Bernardone
• A.K.A

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St. Francis of Assisi

• From a fairly well off family
• Served as a soldier
• Convicted by a leper and kissed his hand
• Gave away all he had (his fathers goods included)
• Kicked out of his family
• Ran away to serve the poor especially the lepers

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St. Francis of Assisi

• Given the chapel of Portiuncula Little Portion
• Heard the call to preach and did so
• Lived by Matthew 1624-26, 1921, and Luke 91-6
• He was simple and loved animals
• Self proclaimed idiota illiterate and was
  therefore anti-education as it inspired pride
• Was married to poverty

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St. Francis of Assisi

• He attracted followers called the fratres minores
  the lesser brethren
• Worked to earn food/lodging whenever possible,
  when not they stayed where they could.
• Extreme emphasis on living out the gospel
• Obtained papal sanction by rolling in pig mud
• Companion nunnery founded by Clara of Sciffi
• Order taken over by papacy and Francis ideology
  ultimately was set aside

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The Inquisition

• Ecclesia non sitit sanguinem The Church abhors
  blood
• Priests were not to order/attend executions
• Pinnacle of mixing church and state
• Heretics are little foxes
• Dominican monks were the primary force behind the
  Inquisition, though Fransiscans were involved as
  well

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The Inquisition

• 1252 Innocent IV authorizes torture as means of
  obtaining confession
• Inquisitors dissociated from pastoral care of
  souls instead focusing purely on heretics
• They were given power to excommunicate, lay
  interdict, and absolve acts of violence
• Punishments were seizure of property, life
  imprisonment, and death
• Spies were paid out of seized goods
• Some places resisted, especially Germany

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The Inquisition

• German Inquisition Konrad of Marburg the Lords
  watch-dog
• Confessor of Queen/St. Elizabeth
• Deprived her of maidservants and separated her
  from her three children
• Assigned her beatings for any wrongdoing
  ultimately resulting in her death
• Konrad freely burned Luciferans
• He was murdered in 1233, buried next to Elizabeth
  as a herald of the Christian faith.

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The Papal Schism

• Gregory XI declares any election of pope valid
  after his death, to forestall anti-popes
• After a mucky succession Urban VI became pope in
  1378
• He was a terrible politician and insulted the
  Cardinals
• In response the Cardinals return to France and
  elect Clement VII as pope
• This starts a war Clement VII is held out of Rome
  so returns to Avignon and Europe is split

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The Papal Schism

• Roman Line
• Urban VI 1378-1389
• Boniface IX 1389-1404
• Innocent VII 1404-1406
• Gregory XII 1406-1415

• Avignon Line
• Clement VII 1378-1394
• Benedict XII 1394-1409

Pisan Line Alexander V 1409-1410 John XXIII
1410-1415 Martin V 1417-1431
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The Papal Schism

• Urban remains implacable, cold, hard, and
  anti-simonist. He has captive cardinals slain
• Clement VII was political and flexible. He
  submitted to the French king and attempted
  reconciliation by appointing Urban lead Cardinal
• Boniface IX young only 35 and charismatic but not
  well educated. He gained complete control of
  Italy. He was very much a simonist and nepotist
• Innocent VII took over in Rome after Boniface. He
  was also only 35 years old.

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The Papal Schism

• Innocent VII continued listing Avignon popes with
  heretics pirates and brigands.
• He was driven from Rome as his nephew had
  murdered 11 chief men of the City, he was later
  recalled as they didnt like the new ruler
• Gregory XII the last of the Roman schismatic
  popes. Was chosen partially because of his age,
  as older men have less ambition.
• Took a vow when coming to office to heal the
  schism even if it meant abdicating

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The Papal Schism

• Benedict XIII a.k.a. Peter de Luna refused to
  back down or heal the Schism by mutual
  abdication.
• The French king Charles VI 1380-1412 was weak and
  insane which minimalized his influence
• Multiple councils were called with and without
  papal consent, including The Council of Pisa
• It started with 2 popes ended with 3 though the
  new pope Alexander V died before reaching Rome
• Rome is sacked John XXIII is instated as pope

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The Papal Schism

• Rome is sacked John XXIII is removed as pope
• Emperor Sigismund calls the Council of Constance
  lasting 4 years 1414-1418
• John says he will abdicate if the others do, and
  it is agreed, John then flees and tries to regain
  support in France
• Popes are declared fallible and subject to
  Councils
• John is put on trial, Gregory resigns, Benedict
  is deposed, though not gracefully
• Nov. 11 1417 Martin V is elected ending the Schism

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Age of the Reformation I

• The Pre-Reformation

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John Wycliffe 1324-1384

• ErrrJohn
• Wyclife
• Wyclif, Wyclyf, Wyclyffe
• Wiclif, Wiclef, Wicliff,
• Wycleff, Whyteclyve, Wyclyve
• about 10 more versions

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John Wycliffe 1324-1384

• Morning Star of the Reformation
• Well educated, spent most of life at Oxford and
  was master of Canterbury Hall
• 1366 with the kings blessing he began rebuking
  Papal authority
• 1377 Comes before the Tribunal of William
  Courtenay and leaves under the protection of the
  Duke of Lancaster

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John Wycliffe 1324-1384

• Pope Gregory XI orders Wycliffe to prison, but
  dies the year after, and the Papal Schism starts
• 1380 Wycliffe founds the pore priests oxford
  graduates who go out preaching many without
  ordination
• 1382 Courtenay becomes Archibishop of Canterbury
  and holds the Earthquake Synod
• 24 articles of Wycliffes were condemned

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John Wycliffe 1324-1384

• Wycliffe loses King Richard IIs favor, is kicked
  out of Oxford and all his books are burned
• Wrote the Trialogus
• Denounced Indulgences as an abomination of
  desolation in the holy place
• Was summoned to Rome, but refused saying he
  submits only to Christs authority

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John Wycliffe 1324-1384

• Finishes with help his English paraphrase of the
  bible based upon the vulgate
• 1382 suffers a stroke resulting in minor
  paralysis
• 1384 has another stroke and dies in church
• 1413 Lateran decrees his books should be burned
• 1429 Council of Constance orders him Exhumed and
  burned, scattering his ashes

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John Wycliffe 1324-1384

• 5 main themes in his teachings
• The Nature of the Church
• The Fallacy of the Papacy
• The Priesthood
• The Falsity of Transubstantiation
• The use of Scripture

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John Wycliffe 1324-1384

• The Nature of the Church
• A universal Church comprised of the Elect
• All those who believe in Christ belong,
  regardless of their position with the RCC
• The Peoples head is Christ
• The concept of church vs. Church

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John Wycliffe 1324-1384

• The Fallacy of the Papacy
• totum papale officium venenosum
• The Papal office is wholly poisonous
• The Rock is Peter and all people
• Mocked the most holie fadir

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John Wycliffe 1324-1384

• The Priesthood
• Priests Absolution was only meritorious if they
  themselves were absolved
• Celibacy is good but sinful if mandatory
• No such thing as utilitarian sin
• Anti-friar

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John Wycliffe 1324-1384

• Falsity of Transubstantiation
• Communion was meant figuratively
• No transubstantiation without transaccidentiation
• Super omnia vincit veritas rationis
• The truth of reason will triumph over all

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John Wycliffe 1324-1384

• The use of Scripture
• Council of Toulouse 1229 forbid the bible to
  Laymen
• Is the absolute authority
• It has one Literal meaning
• Must be accessable to ALL

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John Huss 1369-1416

• He was Excommunicated, Interdicted, and Exiled
• Wrote De Ecclesia mostly copied Wycliffe
• Declared the Pope is not to be obeyed if he is a
  sinner
• Oct 11, 1414 Huss is promised safe conduct by
  Emperor Sigismund to the Council of Constance
• Huss is falsely charged with escaping and
  imprisioned next to the latrines, becoming sick

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John Huss 1369-1416

• He is transferred to the control of Sigismund and
  imprisoned along with ex-pope John XXIII
• The council declared the cup forbidden to laity,
  Huss disagreed
• Is given a public kangaroo trial and condemned
• His books are forbidden and burned

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John Huss 1369-1416

• He is declared Heresiarch and his soul is
  condemned to hell by the council
• He declares and I commit myself to the most
  gracious Lord Jesus
• He was turned over to Sigismund in order that he
  be executed
• May 30, 1416 is burned at the stake, all the
  while singing loud praise to God

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Fullness of time for the Reformation

1. Renaissance
2. Rise of Intellectualism
3. Printing Press
4. Immoral Papacy
5. Nationalism

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Ages

• 3BC Jesus and the Apostles
• 70 AD catholic Christianity
• 312 AD Christian Roman Empire
• 590 AD Middle Ages
• 1517 AD Reformation

• Jesus Born
• Temple Destroyed
• Milvian Bridge
• Gregory I is Pope
• ..