What brain regions make up the brain stem?

1
What brain regions make up the brain stem?

1. The hypothalamus, the thalamus, and the pons
2. The diencephalon and the mesencephalon
3. The mesencephalon, the pons, and the medulla
   oblongata
4. The pons, the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata

2
Which primary brain vesicle is destined to form
the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata?

1. Prosencephalon
2. Rhombencephalon
3. Myelencephalon
4. Metencephalon

3
In what way(s) is the cranial dura mater
structurally distinct from the spinal dura mater?

1. It is formed of two layers.
2. Some portions extend into the cranial cavity as
   dural folds.
3. It contains dural sinuses.
4. All of these are differences from spinal dura
   mater.

4
What are potential consequences of blockage of an
interventricular foramen?

1. Hugely expanded skulls in infants
2. Brainstem stroke
3. Damage to and distortion of brain in adults
4. 1 and 3 are correct

5
How would decreased diffusion across the
arachnoid granulations affect the volume of
cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles?

1. Volume would increase.
2. Volume would decrease.
3. Volume would remain the same.
4. Volume would fluctuate erratically.

6
Many water-soluble molecules that are relatively
abundant in the blood occur in small amounts or
not at all in the extracellular fluid in the
brain. Why?

1. Blood pressure increases in brain capillaries.
2. Blood-brain barrier restricts ion movement.
3. Neurons take up most ions.
4. Neuroglia remove ions from CSF.

7
Why can damage to the medulla oblongata cause
death?

1. It contains cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory
   centers.
2. It controls the ANS.
3. It contains tracts that process information to
   and from the cerebellum.
4. It contains the headquarters for the reticular
   activating system.

8
Which nuclei in the medulla oblongata are
responsible for relaying somatic sensory
information to the thalamus?

1. Nuclei of superior and inferior colliculi
2. Nuclei of cranial nerves VIIIXII
3. The nucleus gracilis and the nucleus cuneatus
4. The solitary nucleus and olivary nucleus

9
Which cranial nerve nuclei are located in the
pons?

1. VII, IX, and X
2. III, IV, and VI
3. V, VI, VII, and VIII
4. IX, X, XI, and XII

10
Which of the cerebellar peduncles allows
communication between the cerebellum and pons?

1. Transverse cerebellar peduncles
2. Middle cerebellar peduncles
3. Inferior cerebellar peduncles
4. Superior cerebellar peduncles

11
What is the primary function of the cerebellum?

1. Controls reflexive movements of the eyes in
   response to visual stimuli
2. Provides awareness of emotional states
3. Coordination between voluntary and autonomic
   functions
4. Coordinates rapid, automatic adjustments that
   maintain balance and equilibrium

12
Which component of the diencephalon is
responsible for integration of the nervous and
endocrine systems?

1. Thalamus
2. Pituitary gland
3. Hypothalamus
4. Mamillary bodies

13
Reflex movements of the eyes, head and neck are
controlled by which area of the mesencephalon?

1. Substantia nigra
2. Red nucleus
3. Inferior colliculi
4. Superior colliculi

14
Damage to the lateral geniculate nuclei of the
thalamus would interfere with the functions of
which of the senses?

1. Taste
2. Sight
3. Touch
4. Smell

15
Which area of the diencephalon would be
stimulated by changes in body temperature?

1. Tuberal area of the hypothalamus
2. Anterior nuclei of the thalamus
3. Preoptic area of the hypothalamus
4. Intermediate mass of the thalamus

16
Damage to the amygdaloid body would interfere
with regulation of what division of the autonomic
nervous system?

1. Peripheral
2. Somatic
3. Sympathetic
4. Parasympathetic

17
Which of the following is NOT a function of the
limbic system?

1. Establishing emotional states
2. Linking the conscious, intellectual function of
   the cerebral cortex with unconscious, autonomic
   functions of the brain stem
3. Facilitating memory storage and retrieval
4. Directing somatic motor patterns associated with
   rage, pleasure, and pain

18
What name is given to axons carrying information
between the brain and spinal cord, and through
which brain regions do they pass?

1. Projection fibers diencephalon, brain stem, and
   cerebellum
2. Commissural both cerebral hemispheres
3. Association fibers diencephalon, brain stem, and
   cerebellum
4. Arcuate fibers within a single cerebral
   hemisphere

19
What symptoms would you expect to observe in an
individual who has damage to the basal nuclei?

1. Mental slowness and inability to perceive meaning
   from written symbols
2. Conscious perception of touch and erratic muscle
   contractions
3. Epileptic seizures
4. Difficulty starting voluntary movements and
   decreased muscle tone

20
A patient suffers a head injury that damages her
primary motor cortex. Where is the primary motor
cortex and what functions will be lost due to the
injury?

1. Parieto-occipital sulcus/control over
   involuntary movements
2. Postcentral gyrus/voluntary movements controlled
   by the specific regions damaged
3. Precentral gyrus/voluntary movements controlled
   by the specific regions damaged
4. Insula/ability to categorize items

21
Conscious perception of which senses would be
affected by damage to the temporal lobes of the
cerebrum?

1. Olfactory and gustatory
2. Olfactory and auditory
3. Visual and auditory
4. Auditory and gustatory

22
After suffering a stroke, a patient is unable to
speak, but can understand what is said to him and
can understand written messages. Which part of
his brain has been affected by the stroke?

1. Wernikes area in the parietal lobe
2. General interpretive area of the temporal lobe
3. Primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe
4. Brocas area in the frontal lobe

23
Paul is having a difficult time remembering facts
and recalling long-term memories. Which part of
his cerebrum is involved?

1. Temporal lobe
2. Parietal lobe
3. Frontal lobe
4. Occipital lobe

24
Which of these is NOT usually a characteristic
function associated with the left cerebral
hemisphere?

1. Performing mathematical calculations
2. Analyzing emotional context of a conversation
3. Containing the general interpretive and speech
   centers
4. Processing associated with reading, writing, and
   speaking

25
A patient who is hooked up to an EEG shows
primarily beta waves. What are they doing?

1. They are in deep sleep or have a brain disorder.
2. They are in the early stages of sleep.
3. They are concentrating on a specific task.
4. They are extremely frustrated.

26
Which cranial reflex is stimulated by loud noises
and what is the response?

1. Tympanic reflex/reduced movement of auditory
   ossicles
2. Vestibulo-ocular reflex/opposite movement of the
   eyes to stabilize field of vision
3. Auditory reflex/eye or head movement
4. 1 and 3 are correct