Beginning Greek for Bible Study

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Beginning Greek for Bible Study
Evgw, eivmi to Alfa

• Class 3
• Review of English Grammar

kai to w
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Exegetical Example

• 2 Cor. 521 For He made Him who knew no sin to
  be sin on our behalf, so that we might become the
  righteousness of God in Him.
• to.n mh. gno,nta amarti,an upe.r hmw/n
  amarti,an evpoi,hsen( ina hmei/j genw,meqa
  dikaiosu,nh qeou/ evn auvtw/Å

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Alpha a a Father
Beta b b Bible
Gamma g g gone
Delta d d dog
Epsilon e e met
Zeta z z daze
Eta h e obey
Theta q th thing
Iota i i intrigue
Kappa k k kitchen
Lambda l l law
Mu m m mother
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Nu n n new
Xi x x axiom
Omicron o o not
Pi p p peach
Rho r r rod
Sigma s - V s study
Tau t t talk
Upsilon u u oops
Phi f ph phone
Chi c ch loch
Psi y ps lips
Omega w o tone
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English Cases

• The boy hit his ball
• The boy Subjective case
• The ball Objective case
• His Possessive case
• Word order is usually key in identifying English
  cases

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English Cases
Case Function Example
Subjective subject He took my bat
Possessive possession He took my bat
Objective direct object He took my bat
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Gender Inflection
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Subjective singular he she it
Possessive singular his her its
Objective singular him her it
Subjective plural they they they
Possessive plural their their their
Objective plural them them them
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English Number Gender

• Number refers to a word being either singular or
  plural. In English, sometimes this is
  accomplished by adding an s to the end of the
  word. Other times, the form changes (man
  becomes men).
• Gender refers to a word as being either
  masculine, feminine, or neuter.
• Most English nouns do not have gender.
• However, most English pronouns do.
• Sometimes, we assign natural gender to words.

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English Grammar Terms

• Bob threw his green Greek book at the weird
  teacher.
• Noun a word that stands for someone or
  something (Bob, book, teacher)
• Adjective a word that modifies a noun or
  pronoun (green, Greek, weird)
• Preposition a word that shows the relationship
  between two other words (at)

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English Grammar Terms

• Declension a pattern of how words change to
  reflect their function
• Plural
• Adding s
• Boy Boys
• Girl Girls
• Changing a vowel
• Man Men
• Woman Women
• Drop the y, add ies
• Family families
• Story stories
• Baby - babies

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Nouns - Overview

• Case
• Number
• Gender
• Declension

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Verbs - Overview

• A verb is a word that describes an action or
  state of being
• Hit
• Drive
• Study
• Think
• Be am, is, was

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Verbs - Overview

• Person
• Number
• Tense
• Voice
• Aspect
• Mood

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Verbs - Person

• There are three persons first, second, and
  third
• First person the person speaking (I, we)
• Second person the person being spoken to
  (you, yall)
• Third person everything else (he, she,
  it, they, book, coffee, etc.)

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Verbs - Person

• She is a nice person.
• I am a believer.
• He is a baseball player.
• This sweet tea is refreshing.
• You are a student.
• Yall are from Texas.

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Verbs - Number

• In the English third person, the verb is
  inflected by adding the letter s to the end of
  the verb.
• I hit the ball.
• You hit the ball.
• He hits the ball.

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Verbs - Agreement

• A verb must agree with its subject in person
  and number.
• The class learn Greek.
• The class learns Greek.
• I teaches the class.
• I teach the class.
• There is no tests in Greek class.
• There are no tests in Greek class.

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Verbs - Tense

• The tense of a verb refers to the TIME when the
  action of the verb takes place
• There are three main tenses in English
• Present I study
• Past I studied
• Past Participle I studied

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Verbs - Tense
Tense to swim to eat to walk to read
Present Swim eat walk read
Past swam ate walked read
Past participle swum eaten walked read
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Verbs - Tense

• Other tenses in English are built off of these
  three tenses
• Usually, a helping verb is used to build other
  tenses
• I WILL swim
• I HAVE eaten

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Verbs - Voice

• Voice refers to the relationship between the verb
  and its subject. A verb is either active or
  passive.
• Active the subject is doing the action David
  hit the ball, She studied Greek
• Passive the subject is receiving the action
  He was hit by the ball She was justified by
  Christ

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Verbs - Aspect

• Aspect refers to the type of action that a verb
  describes
• Continuous ongoing process - I am watching
  TV.
• Perfect completed action with present
  consequences I have studied diligently.
• Undefined says nothing other than that an
  action occurred I enjoy Greek.
• Dont confuse tense with aspect.

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Verbs - Aspect
Tense Continuous Perfect undefined
Present active I am calling - I call
Present passive I am being called - I am called
Past active I was calling I have called I called
Past passive I was being called I have been called I was called
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Verbs Mood

• Mood refers to a verbs relationship to reality
• Indicative statement of fact or reality.
• Subjunctive statement about what might happen.
• Imperative - something that is commanded.

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Clauses Phrases

• A clause is a group of related words that
  includes a subject and verb.
• After Greek class, I am going home.
• When I get home, I am going to bed.
• A phrase is a group of words that does not have a
  subject or indicative verb.
• After Greek class, I am going home.
• Because of the weather, I stayed home.

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Dependent (Subordinate) Clauses

• A dependent (or subordinate) clause is a clause
  that cannot grammatically stand on its own. It
  does not make sense by itself.
• When I get home
• Because of the weather
• An independent clause can stand on its own.
• I am going home
• I am going to bed
• I am studying Greek

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Clauses

• Recognizing an independent clause from a
  dependent clause is ESSENTIAL for understanding
  the Bible.
• The main point of a biblical text is usually in
  an independent clause, not a dependent clause.

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Clauses Col. 128-29

• 28 - We proclaim Him, admonishing every man and
  teaching every man with all wisdom, so that we
  may present every man complete in Christ.
• 29 - For this purpose also I labor, striving
  according to His power, which mightily works
  within me.

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Clauses Col. 128-29

• We proclaim Him
• admonishing every man
• and teaching every man with all wisdom
• so that we may present every man complete in
  Christ.
• For this purpose also I labor
• striving according to His power, which
  mightily works within me.

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Clauses 1 Peter 13-5

• 3 - Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord
  Jesus Christ, who according to His great mercy
  has caused us to be born again to a living hope
  through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the
  dead,
• 4 - to obtain an inheritance which is
  imperishable and undefiled and will not fade
  away, reserved in heaven for you,
• 5 - who are protected by the power of God through
  faith for a salvation ready to be revealed in the
  last time.

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Conjunctions

• Conjunctions are words that connect words,
  phrases, clauses, and sentences.
• Coordinating connect independent clauses (and,
  but, for, or, so, yet)
• The word was with God and the word was God.
• Be angry but do not sin.
• Subordinate begin a dependent clause and often
  link it to an independent clause (because, since,
  if, when, where)
• I am studying because I want to do well.
• If we ask anything according to his will, He
  hears us.

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Types of Clauses

• Relative clauses that start with a relative
  pronoun (who, whose, whom, which, that)
• the rest of my fellow workers, whose names are
  in the book of life (Phil. 43)
• "There is another who testifies of Me, and I know
  that the testimony which He gives about Me is
  true. (John 532)

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Types of Phrases

• Prepositional Phrase start with a preposition
• The Greek book is under the table.
• I do not receive glory from men (John 541)
• Participial Phrase begin with a participle (a
  verb ending in ing)
• After doing my Greek homework, I went to bed.
• You do not have His word abiding in you (John
  538)

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Function of Phrases

• Phrases can act as parts of speech
• Noun Whoever is with me is not against me.
• Adjectival He who is not for us is against us.
• Adverbial Drive with care.

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Examples

• The Light shines in the darkness, and the
  darkness did not comprehend it.
• If we confess our sins, He is faithful and
  righteous to forgive us our sins and to cleanse
  us from all unrighteousness.

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Homework

• Read chapter 8
• Practice identifying parts of speech in your
  Bible
• Memorize the alphabet and dipthongs

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Advanced Class

• Class 3
• Greek Nouns

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Overview of Greek Nouns

• Stem
• Declension
• Case
• Number
• Gender

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Greek Cases

• Greek has five cases
• Nominative case identifies the subject
• Genitive case usually indicates possession
• Dative case usually identifies the indirect
  object
• Accusative case usually identifies the direct
  object
• Vocative case the case for direct address

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Case Inflection
Nominative qeo,j God
Genitive Qeou/ of God
Dative qew/ to God
Accusative qeo,n God
Vocative qee, / qeo,j God,
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The Form of Greek Nouns

• Case Endings a suffix (ending) added to a word
  which is used to mark the case.
• lo,goj
• logou/
• Stem what remains of a Greek noun after you
  remove the case ending. This is what identifies
  a word.
• logo
• qeo

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The Form of Greek Nouns

• Gender a noun is either masculine, feminine, or
  neuter. A noun only has one gender that never
  changes.
• amartolo,j sinner (masculine)
• amarti,a sin (feminine)
• Hints
• oj usually masculine
• on usually neuter
• h or a usually feminine
• Number a noun is either singular or plural.
  This is identified through case endings
• avpo,stoloj apostle
• avpo,stoloi apostles

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The Form of Greek Nouns

• Declension this is the pattern of inflection
  that Greek nouns follow. There are three
  declensions
• First Declension noun stem ends in a or h,
  usually feminine nouns. grafh,
• Second Declension noun stem ends in o, usually
  masculine or neuter nouns. avpo,stoloj, ergon
• Third Declension noun stem ends in a consonant.

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Lexical form

• The form of nouns found in lexicons is the
  nominative singular
• ko,smon ko,smoj
• avga,phn avga,ph

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Paradigm chart
2 1 1 2
Masculine Feminine Feminine neuter
Nom sg j - - n
Acc sg n n n n
Nom pl i i i a
Acc pl uj j j a
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Paradigm chart
2 1 1 2
Masculine Feminine Feminine neuter
Nom sg oj h a on
Acc sg on hn an on
Nom pl oi ai ai a
Acc pl ouj aj aj a
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Paradigm chart
2 1 1 2
Masculine Feminine Feminine neuter
Nom sg lo,goj grafh, w-ra ergon
Acc sg lo,gon grafh,n w-ran ergon
Nom pl lo,goi grafai, w-rai erga
Acc pl lo,gouj grafa,j w-raj erga
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Hints

• The masculine and feminine case endings are often
  the same. In the nominative and accusative, the
  neuter is usually distinct from the masculine.
• In the neuter, the nominative and accusative
  singular are always the same, and the nominative
  and accusative plural are always the same.

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Parsing

• When parsing a noun, you need to give
• The case
• The number
• The gender
• The lexical form
• The inflected meaning
• For example, lo,gouj is accusative plural
  masculine, from lo,goj, meaning words.

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Noun Rules

1. Stems ending in alpha or eta are in the first
   declension, stems ending in omicron are in the
   second, and consonantal stems are in the third
   declension.
2. Every neuter word has the same form in the
   nominative and accusative.
3. Almost all neuter words end in alpha in the
   nominative and accusative plural.

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The Greek definite article

• The definite article is the only article in
  Greek. There is no indefinite article in Greek
  (no a or an).
• The article has case, number, and gender. The
  article always agrees with the noun it modifies
  in case, number, and gender.

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Paradigm chart
2 1 2
Masculine Feminine neuter
Nom sg o h to,
Acc sg to,n th,n to,
Nom pl oi ai ta,
Acc pl tou,j ta,j ta,
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The importance of the article

• Knowing the forms of the article is the key to
  understanding the forms of nouns in Greek.
• Most nouns take the article, so if you cant
  parse the noun, the article will help.
• Most of the case endings on nouns are similar to
  the article.

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Parsing
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Homework

• Read chapter 7
• Re-read chapter 6 if needed
• Learn the vocabulary words in chapters 4 6
• Do the exercises in the workbook for chapter 6