E-mail:[e-mail]

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• ??? ??
• ?????? ???????????
• E-mailmhchen_at_mail.nsysu.edu.tw
• Tel[phone]

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Agricultural sprays
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• I. Degradable wastes ???????
• 1. Urban sewage ????
• 2. Agricultural wastes ?????????
• 3. Food processing wastes ?????
• 4. Brewing distillery wastes ???
• 5. Paper pulp mill wastes ???
• 6. Chemical industry wastes ????
• 7. Oil spillages ??

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?????? 2/5 3/5

• II. Fertilizers ?? N, P, K
• III. Dissipating wastes ?????
• 1. Heat ?
• 2. Acids Alkalis ???
• 3. Cyanide ???

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?????? 4/5 5/5

• Conservative wastes??????
• 1. Heavy metals ???
• 2. Halogenated hydrocarbons (DDT, PCBs etc.)
• ???????
• 3. Radioactivity ?????
• Solid wastes?????
• 1. Dredging spoil ??
• 2. Mining waste ??
• 3. Fly ash ??
• 4. Gravel extraction ??????

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• Bacterial degradation ?????
• Aerobic bacteria ???
• C6H12O6 6O2 ? H2O 6CO2
• DO lt1.5 mg l-1
• ? Anaerobic bacteria ???
• ? H2S, NH4, CH4

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??????????The best solution of pollution is
dilution

• Water saturated with O2, BOD58-8.5 mgl-1
• BOD5 of urban sewage 500 mgl-1
• BOD5 of spilled beer 7000 mgl-1
• River flow 8 m3S-1 with BOD5 2 mgl-1
• Effluent input 1 m3S-1 with BOD5 20 mgl-1
• BOD after mixing total BOD / total volume
  (8x2)(1x20)/814

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• Unpolluted BOD5 lt 2 mgl-1
• Salmon trout BOD5lt 3 mgl-1
• Migratory fishes BOD5lt 4 mgl-1
• Coarse fish BOD5lt 6 mgl-1
• Drinking water BOD5lt 7 mgl-1
• Grossly polluted BOD5gt 10 mgl-1
• Sewage effluent BOD5lt 20 mgl-1
• (Common dilution factor in river is 81)

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Hypoxia ??

• 1. Input of organic matter ? Primary production
  ?? Fisheries production ?
• 2. Eutrophication
• 3. Stratification of water column
• 5. Development of hypoxia ?valued
• 4. DO lt 2 mgl-1 18 of air saturation
• Demeral fish spp. ? less desirable
• planktonic
  omnivores
• 6. Anoxia ? Dead zone

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Succession of benthic community of hypoxia
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0.35
1.4
1.1
0.7
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• Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons
  with 4 26 or more carbon atoms in the molecule.
• Some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are
  known to be potent carcinogens (?????).
• S and V compounds are also included in crude oil
  and non-hydrocarbons may represent up to 25 of
  the oil.

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• Adult fish can avoid areas affected by floating
  oil, but toxic to fish eggs larvae (??????).
• Hatching (?????) of fertilized capelin (Mallotus
  villosus) ?, at 10 25 nl l-1.
• Abnormalities (????) of fish development at 250
  ul l-1
• Amoco cadiz 1977 on Brittany coast ?1-year-class
  of flatfish (????????).
• Tumours fin erosion in fish (????????).
• Shellfisheries ?crab for 7 yrs, clam for 6 yrs
• Tainting (off flavours) (???)

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???

• Conservative pollutants ? not subject to
  bacterial degradation (??????).
• Bioaccumulated in their tissues (????).
• Biomagnificated up through food chain (????).
• Essential elements (????), i.e. Fe (haemoglobin),
  Cu (haemocyanin), V (respiratory pigment of
  tunicates), Zn (enzymes), Co (vitamin B12).
• Non essential elements (?????), i.e. Pb, Cd, Hg,
  As.

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• Natural inputs
• 1. Volcanic activity ????
• 2. Forest fires ????
• 3. Biological formation ????
• ?3600-4500 t/y
• 50-75 of total inputs (6000-7500 t/y)

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??????

• Man-made inputs (1000-6000 t/y)
• 1. Agricultural pesticides ?????
• 2. Pharmaceitocals ??
• 3. Lumber paper industries ??
• 4. Gold silver mining, smelting ????
• 5. Cinnabar (HgS) ????
• 6. ????
• 7. Fossil fuel ????
• 8. Municipal wastes ????
• 9. Sewage sludge ??

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• 1. Most fish lt 0.15 ppm (mg/kg)
• 2. Large hake (Merluccius) 3.2 (Hg-bearing
  ores)
• 3. Cod (Gadus morhua)
• 1.29 (Denmark Sweden, heavily poll.)
• 0.15 - 0.2 (North Sea)
• 0.01 0.04 (Greenland)
• 4. Tuna, swordfish, marlin gt 1, max. 4.9
• 5. Shark
• 6. Halibit gt115kg ½gt60kg ? gt1

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??????

• WHO 0.2 mg me-Hg 0.3 mg SHg / week
• UNEP ( 2003)1.6 ug/kg/wk
• M1.6x70112ug F1.6x5588ug
• 20 g fish /day in UK
• 0.5 or 1 ppm Hg flesh weight as Std.

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????????????????
Region THg in Fish muscle (mg/kg wet wt.) OHg in Fish muscle (mg/kg wet wt.) THg in Sediment (mg/kg dry wt.) Ref.
Tainan, Taiwan 0.0821.377 0.0480.794 1524 This Study
Kuwait 0.0160.872 lt0.0010.727 Al-Majed Preston, 2000
South Florida 0.032.22 0.011.01 0.0010.22 Kannan et al., 1998
US Great Lakes 0.0010.636 0.04 Francis et al., 1998
Minamata Bay ? 924 ? 0.011.74 ?14908 ? 2729 Fujiki Tajima, 1992
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???????????? (Chen, 2002)
Item ???? ???? ????? ????? ??
Item Mean S.D Mean S.D ??
Fish Muscle
?? Elops machnata 0.748 0.378 0.068 0.021 11
????? Gerres filamentosus 0.522 0.180 lt0.025 - 21
??? Leiognathus equulus 0.387 - lt0.025 - 15
??? Liza macrolepis 0.207 0.029 0.046 0.005 5
?? Mugil cephalus 0.106 0.022 lt0.025 - 4
???? Nematalosa come 0.317 0.078 lt0.025 - 13
??? Chanos chanos 0.209 0.072 lt0.025 - 8
Sediment 18.4 5.1 lt0.15 - 123
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• Low molecular weight compounds
• 1. Natural methane
• 2. Industrial solvents CH3CHCL,CCL4, . CFCs,
  CCl3F, CCl2F3
• Pesticides PCBs DDTs (1939-), Drins,, BHC,
  HCB,Toxaphene (1940s-, insecticide), PCBs
  (1930s-, paints, plastics, adhesives, coating
  compounds, 1x106 t/y), Dioxins, Furan..

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• PCBs, pesticides various organic compounds,
  TBT.
• Sewage effluents contain oestrogens.
• Fish contain large quantities of vitellogenin.

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control
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?????

• Sources
• 1. Natural background
• 2. Weapons testing
• 1963 ban treaty by USA, UK, USSR
• 1974 Pacific, France PROC
• 3. Nuclear reactors in power plant (436 by 2000)
  liquid solid wastes

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?????????

• 1. Long half-life, low radioactivity
• 2. Pu239 half life 24,400 yr
• 3. Ra226 half life 1,602 yr
• 4. Sr90 Cs137 half life 30 yr

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???????Sr90
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ß-activity in cod haddock caught in the Barents
Sea
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• Sediment extraction
• 1. Sand gravel extraction
• 2. Tin ore

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ABC ??
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Multivariate Analysis?????
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• Power plant (?????)
• ?T out in lt 4 OC
• ???
• ??? ???????
• Temp. gt 36 OC for 2 weeks
• ?????