Title: ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? Prokaryotic ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????. ????? ?????? ????????
1????????? ?????.? ???? ???????? ??????.? ?????
???? ??????.? ??? ?? ??? ?.? ???? ???? ???
?????? ????????? ???????
2????????? ?????? ????????
- ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????
??????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??????
??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ??
???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??
??????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????
????????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ???
???? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????
?????? ???????. ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????
?????? ??? ??????????? Protoplast. - ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????????
????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????
??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????.
3????????? ?????? ????????
- ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????
????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????. ??? ??????
???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????????
???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ????
?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???????
????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? Eucaryptic ?????
???? ?????? ??????? ??????? Cell Organelles ????
???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ? ???????
???????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????
???????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????( RNA
Ribonucleic acid , DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid) .
??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????????
?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????????????? .... ???.
4????????? ?????? ????????
- ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? Prokaryotic
????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????
????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????
??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????
?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????. ?????
?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? Coenocytic ?????
?? ?????????? ?????? ????? Necleoplasm ??? ????
???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????
?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????
????????? ? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???????
???????? ???????.
5????????? ?????? ????????
- ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????
- ?- ???? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????
??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????
???????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????????????? ???
??? ?????? ???????. - ?- ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???
?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????
?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????????
????? ??? ??????? Totipotency ????? ?????? ???
??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? Tissue
Culture. - ?- ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??
??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ?????
?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????. - ?- ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ???
????? ????.
6????????? ?????? ????????
- ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????
- ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????
?????? ????????????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???
???? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???????????
??????.
7????????? ?????? ????????
- ?????? ?????? Cell Wall
- ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????
???????. ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????
?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ??
?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??
???? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????????
???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????
????? ??? ???????? ??????????.
8????????? ?????? ????????
- ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????-
- ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????.
- ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????.
- ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????.
- ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????.
- ???????? ?? ??? ???????? Turgor Pressures.
- ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????.
- ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????.
- ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????.
9????????? ?????? ????????
- ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????
- ?-??????? ?????? Middle lamella
- ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????????
??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????
??????? ???????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??
??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????
???????? ????? ????? Mitosis.
10????????? ?????? ????????
- ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????
- ?- ?????? ????????? Primary Wall
- ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????
?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????. ???? ??????
????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????
??????? ?? ??? ????????. ?????? ?? ?????? Fibrils
?? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????
????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????
????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????
??????? ??????? ?????????????? ??? ???? ?????
???? ??? ???????? Hydroxyproline, Proline ?? ????
??????.
11????????? ?????? ????????
- ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????
- ?-?????? ??????? Secondary Wall
- ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????????
??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????
? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????.?
?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????
???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????
???????.
12????????? ?????? ????????
- ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????
???? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????
?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???
????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????
????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????????
????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????????
???? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ??????????? ???????
?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???
???????? ? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? 700
????? ????? ?????????.
13????????? ?????? ????????
- ??? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????
????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? - 1-?????????? Cellulose ?????? ?????????
????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? B
1.4 Glicoside Linkage ???????? ???????? ??????
???? ????? ????? ????? ?????????. - 2- ????????? Pectin ???? ??????? Pectic
acid (polygalacturonic acid (a 1.4 ???????
?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????.
???????? galacturonate Methyl ???? ????? ????
?????.
14????????? ?????? ????????
- ??? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????
????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? - 3- ????????????? Hemicellulose ????
??????????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????
????? Xylans ( ??? Xylose ) ???? ( arabinose)
arabans ????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???
Mannans ( Mannose ) ???? ??? ?? ???????? ??????.
- 4- ??????? Lignin ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??
?????? Phenyl Propane ????? ?? ?????? ?????????
?????? ????????.
15????????? ?????? ????????
- ??? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????
????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? - 5- ???????? Suberin ?? ?????? ???? ?????
????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????
??????????. ????????? (??????)??? ???? ?????
?????? ??? ???. - 6- ???????? Cutin (?????? ?? ??????) ???
???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????
?????????? ? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??????
?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????
?????? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????????.
16????????? ?????? ????????
- ??? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????
????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? -
- 7- ???????? Silica ???? ?????? ?? ???????
????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???????
?????????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???
?????????? Diatoms - 8- ???????? Chitin ???? ???? ?????? N-acetyl
D- glucose amine ????? ?? ???????? ???? ????????
??????.
17????????? ?????? ????????
- ??? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????
????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? - 9- ????????? Gelatin ???? ???????? ????? ??
???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??
??? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????
???????. - 10- ??????? Callose ???? ???????????? ?????
?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? B- 1.3
glucoside ????? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????
??????? ?????? ????????. - 11- ??????? Tannin ?????????? Resins ?????
?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????
???????.
18????????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????
- ????? ???????????? Protoplasm
- ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??
??????????? ???????. ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???????
??????? ???????. ????? ??????????? ???? ???????
???????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????
??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????
??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????.
19????????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????
- ????? ???????????? Protoplasm
- ?????? (???????????) Cytoplasm
- ?????? ????????????? Endoplasmic reticulum
- ??????? ????????????? Cytoplasmic Membrans
- ??????????? Plastids
- ?????????????? Mitochondria
- ??????????? Ribosomes
- ????? ????? Golgi Bodies (?????????????
Dictyosomes) - ??????????? Lysomoes
20????????? ?????? ????????
21????????? ?????? ????????
22????????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????
- ?????- ?????? Nucleus
- ??? ??? ??????????? ????? ???? ????? ??
??????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????
??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????
??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???
?????? ??????? ???????? . ?????? ????? ??? 7 50
?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??
??????? ??????? ?? ???????? Giant ???? ???? ?????
?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? Cycas.
23???????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????
- ???? ???????? ????? ???????????? ???? ?????
?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????
????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????
??????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??
???? ??????. - ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??
??????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??
???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???
?????. ???? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??
??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????????
24???????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????
- ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????
- (1) ????????????Carbohydrates
- ???? ???????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????
????? ???????? ???????.??? ????? 50 ??? ????? ??
??? ?????? ?????. ???? ??????????? ???? ??????
??? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????????
??????? ???????? ??????.
25???????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????
- ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????
- (2) ?????????? Proteins
- ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ??? ????? ??????
????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??????.
???? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????
???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ??
??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????
Aleurone grains. ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??
???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????
??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ??
????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????.
?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??
???? ????? ?? ????? ???????.
26???????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????
- ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????
- (3) ?????? ??????? ???????? Vagetable Oils and
Fats - ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????
???? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????
????? ???????. ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??
????? ???? ????? ????? Oils Vacucles ??? ??? ???
??? ??????? ????????. ??? ???? ?????? ??
????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??
?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????.
??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???????.
27???????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????
- ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????
- 4- ?????? ??????? ?? ????????
- ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? Volatile
Oils ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????
?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????.
???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????????
???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ???
??????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ??? ???????
??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? Cinnamon. ??????
??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????.??????
??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????
??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????
?????? ?????? ?? ?????????.
28???????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????
- ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????
- 5- ?????? ??????
- ???? ???????? Cutin ????????? Suberin ????
????? ???????. ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????
????? ???????? ???? ??????? Cutinization ? ?????
????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????
????????. ?????? ???? ?????? Cuticle ?? ????
????????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????
??????. ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ??????
????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???
????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????
??????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ????? ????? ????
????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???
??? ????? ??????? ???????? Suberiztion ?????
???????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????
????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????
?????? ??????????? ?? ?????.
29???????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????
- ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????
- (6) ????? ??????? Latex
- ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????
???? ????? ????? ??????? Laticifers ??? ????
????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????
Hevea ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????
????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????
?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???
??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????
?????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ???????
?????????? ??????.
30???????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????
- ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????
- (7) ?????????Resins
- ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ????
???? ???- ?? ???? ???? ???. ???? ??? ????
????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??
?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ?? ???? ?????????
?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??
?????? ???????? ????????????. ???? ??????? ??
????????? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????????.
????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ????????
???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????. ?? ???? ??????? ?????
??? ?? ??????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???
?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??
????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???????. ??? ???? ??
??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???????
?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??
??? ???? ???.
31???????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????
- ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????
- (8) ????????? ?? ????????? Tannins
- ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???
???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????
?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?????????.
????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???
???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????
??????? ??? ???????. ??? ???? ?? ???????????
??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??
????? ??????. ????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????
?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????
??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????.
32???????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????
- ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????
- (9) ????????? Crystals
- ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??
???????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????????
??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????
????????. ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????
??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????
??????? ??????. ? ???? ???????? ?? ?????????
??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????
??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????
?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????.
33???????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????
- ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????
- (9) ????????? Crystals
- ??????? ??????? ????????? ? ?? ???????
- ????????? ??????? Acicular crystals(Raphides)
- ????????? ?????????Prismatic crystals
- ????????? ???????Rosette crystals "Druses"
- ??????? ??????? ?????????
34?????? ???????? Vacuole
- (1) ??????? ??????? ??????
- ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ??????
????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????. ?????
????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??
???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????. ??? ????? ?????? ??
??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ??
???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????.
????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????
??????.
35?????? ???????? Vacuole
- (1) ??????? ??????? ??????
- ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????
????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????.
????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????
???? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ??????
?????. ??? ?????? ???????????? ???? ???? ????
????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????
????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??? ???? ???
????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????
??????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? 90 ?? ???
?????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????
??? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ?? ????????
?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????
????????? .
36?????? ???????? Vacuole
- (1) ??????? ??????? ??????
- ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????????
??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?
???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????
???????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??
???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ?????????
???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?
??????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????
?????????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????
???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??
?????????????? ?????????????? ????? ?????????
?????????? ????????????? ????????.