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Web???
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?http//www.tmd.ac.jp/artsci/biol/sumcell.htm
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Biology, the study of life, is rooted in the
human spirit. People keep pets, nurture
houseplants, invite avian visitors with backyard
birdhouse, and visit zoos and nature parks. This
behavior express what Harvard biologist E. O.
Wilson calls biophilia, an innate attraction to
life in its diverse forms.
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Biology is the scientific extension of this
human tendency to feel connected to and curious
about all forms of life. It takes us into the
Nature, where a variety of living forms and their
physical surroundings are interwoven into complex
webs called ecosystems. Studying life leads us
into laboratories to examine more closely how
organisms work.
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Biology draws us into the microscopic world
of the fundamental units of organisms known as
cell, and into the submicroscopic realms of the
molecules that make up those cells. Our
intellectual journey also takes us back in time,
for biology encompasses not only contemporary
life, but also a history of ancestral forms. The
scope of biology is immense.
From Campbell, Biology 4th ed. Chapter 1
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???????? ????????????????? ??????????????? ??

??????????? ?????????????? ????????
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???????
??????????????? ????????
???????????????? ??????????
???????(????????? ???????)
??????????????? ??(??)
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???
?? (organism)
??? (organ system)
?? (organ)
?? (tissue)
?? (cell)
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???
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???
???? (Integmentary system) ???? (Skeltal
system) ??? (Muscular system) ?????? (Digestive
system) ?????? (Circulatory system) ??????
(Respiratory system) ?????? (Urinary system)
???? (Nervous system) ????? (Endocrine system)
?????? (Reproductive system)
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??
???????????? ?? (esophagus)?? (stomach)???
(small intestine)? ?? (large intestine)???
(liver)??? (pancreas)? ?? (gallbladder) ?????????
?????
??????????? (duodenum)??? (jejunum)? ??
(ileum)????????????? (vermiform appendix)???
(cecum)??? (colon)??? (rectum) ????
????????? (kidney)???? (ureter)??? (bladder)???
(urethra) ????
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??
??????4?????????????????
????? (epithelial tissue) ????? (connective
tissue) ???? (muscle tissue) ????? (nervous
tissue)
???????????????????????????
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????
????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????
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????
???????????????????????????? ??????? (simple
squamous ep.) ??????? (simple cuboidal ep.)
??????? (simple columner ep.) ???????
(stratified squamous ep.) ?????
(pseudostratified ep.)
????????????????????????????????????????????????
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????
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?????????????????
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????
????????????????????????????????? ???????
(loose con.) ????????? (dense con.) ???????
(elastic con.) ??????? (reticular con.)
????? (adipose con.) ????? (cartilage con.)
???? (bone con.) ??? (blood)
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???
??????????????(???)??????????????????? ????
(skeltal muscle) (???) ??? (cardiac muscle)
???? (smooth muscle)
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????
(4)?????? ?????? (neuron) ?????? (glia
cell)
?????(????)?????????????????(?????)? ?????????
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??
????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????(differentiation)?
???????????????????????????
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???? ??
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??????
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???????? ??????? (x10,000)
????????????????????????
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??????????????? (x86)
????????????????????
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?????????????????
???????????????????
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???????????
?????(cell)????????????????????1665?????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????
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???????????
??????????(Schleiden, Matthias?1838)?????(Schwann
, Theodor?1839)???????????????????????????????????
?????(???)???????????????????????
??????????(Virchow, Rudolph?1855)????????????????
???????????????????????????????
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????????
?????????????????(????) ??????(DNA)
?????DNA?????????????? ??
??????????????????????? ????????
?RNA??????????????????? ??
?????????????????????? ?????????????(ATP)????
????????????(???)?????
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????????
???(?????DNA)
?????????????????RNA
??????????????
?????????????????????ATP???????????
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??????
??????????????????????
???20µm
?????????????????????
?????????????????????
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??(pancreas)????
?????
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???????????
????????
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???????????
????
?????
????
????
????????
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????
?????
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???????????
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????????
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?????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????(or
ganella)????
?????????????????????????????????????
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?(nucleus)
??? ???? ????
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????????
???
???
???
???
???
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??????
22???????2??????
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???-???-DNA
????????
????
????????
?DNA
????
????
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???
???(endoplasmic reticulum?ER)???????????
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?????
???????????????????????????????
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?????2???
????????????????????(rough ER)????
???????????????????????????????????(????????)?
???????????????????????(smooth ER)????
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?????
?????(Golgi apparatus)????????????????
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???????
???????(mitochondria)????????????
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???????
??
???
??
??
????
????
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???????
????????????DNA????????????????
??????????
????????????????????
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??????
???????????????????????(cytosol????????)????
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????
????????????????????????????3????(???????????????
???)?
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????
???? (actin filament)
??? (microtubule)
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???
??????(lipid bilayer)????
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????????
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????????
????????????????(eukaryote)????????
????(prokaryote)???????????????????????DNA??????
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??????
?????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????