Title: Ch 36 Energy in Ecosystems
1Ch 36 Energy in Ecosystems
36.1 Food Chains Food Webs
234.1 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
- What are biotic and abiotic factors?
- The biological influences on organisms are
called biotic factors. Physical components of an
ecosystem are called abiotic factors.
3Biotic Factors
- A biotic factor is any living part of the
environment with which an organism might
interact, including animals, plants, mushrooms
and bacteria. - Biotic factors relating to a bullfrog might
include algae it eats as a tadpole, the herons
that eat bullfrogs, and other species competing
for food or space.
4Abiotic Factors
- An abiotic factor is any nonliving part of the
environment, such as sunlight, heat,
precipitation, humidity, wind or water currents,
soil type, etc. - For example, a bullfrog could be affected by
abiotic factors such as water availability,
temperature, and humidity.
5Biotic and Abiotic Factors Together
- The difference between abiotic and biotic
factors is not always clear. Abiotic factors can
be influenced by the activities of organisms and
vice versa. - For example, pond muck contains nonliving
particles, and also contains mold and decomposing
plant material that serve as food for bacteria
and fungi.
6Biotic and Abiotic Factors Together
- In addition, trees and shrubs affect the amount
of sunlight the shoreline receives, the range of
temperatures it experiences, the humidity of the
air, and even the chemical conditions of the
soil. - A dynamic mix of biotic and abiotic factors
shapes every environment.
734.1 The Study of Ecology
- Ecology interactions among organisms and their
environment - Biotic Factors Living things found in the
environments (bacteria, protists, fungi, animals,
plants). - Abiotic Factors the nonliving physical and
chemical conditions (soil, water, air, sun.).
8 - Organism- Smallest unit of ecological study.
- Ex. Blue Sweet lip fish
- Ecologists might ask, How do Blue Sweet lip fish
adapt to the challenges posed by the
environment? - Population- a group of individual species living
in a particular area . - Ex. A group of Blue Sweet lip fish
- Ecologists might ask, What factors limit the
numbers of sweet lip fish living around this
reef? -
- Communities- All of the organisms that live in a
particular area make up a community. - Ex. Coral reef is home to many living things
including fish, coral animals, microscopic
algae. - Ecologists might ask, How might a disease that
strikes the coral animals affect the other
species in the community?
9 - Ecosystems- includes the living (biotic factors)
and the nonliving (abiotic factors) things in an
area. - Reefs many living species, the temperature of
the water, and the amount of sunlight - An ecologist might ask, How does nitrogen move
within the reef ecosystem? - Biosphere- broadest level of ecological study.
- Sum of all Earths ecosystems.
- Envelope of air, water, land that supports and
includes all life. - Biosphere is a closed system, this means that
chemicals in the biospheres living and nonliving
things mostly come from within the system, not
from the outside. - An ecologist would study global issues, and the
effects of climate change on living things.
10Patchiness of the Biosphere
- Biosphere is not uniform, it is unevenly spread
out. - Biosphere is like a quilt of many different
environments (land, oceans, lakes, ice) - You can find an uneven distribution of biomes on
a continent. - You can find patches of woods, fresh water, and
marshes in a smaller area of wilderness. - Patchiness creates a number of different
habitats. - Habitat specific environment in which organisms
live. - All habitats have different abiotic and biotic
factors.
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12Key Abiotic Factors- How it affects animals/
plants
- 1.)Sunlight- provides light and warmth, powers
photosynthesis. - Canopy of forest gets more light than the forest
floor. - Sea floor gets less light than the surface of the
ocean - 2.)Water- essential for all life. (we are 70
water) - 3.)Temperature- most life exists between a narrow
range of temperatures. - (0? 50 C)
- Few organisms can maintain an active metabolism
below 0 C - Most organisms enzymes are denatured above 50C
13Key Abiotic Factors- How it affects animals/
plants
- 4.) Soil- the product of abiotic forces (such as
ice, rain, and wind) and the actions of the
living things (microorganisms, plants and
earthworms) on the rocks and minerals of the
earths crust. - Chemical makeup of the soil and rock affect the
types of plants that grow there. - Dry/ nutrient-poor soil dominated by little
bluestem grasses - 5.) Wind- it can affect the distribution and
organisms in several ways. - It moves clouds and rain over the Earths
surface. - Stirs up water in ponds, lakes, and streams.
- Creates currents that bring up nutrients from the
bottom. - Helps to disperse pollen and seeds.
- 6.) Sever Disturbances- fires, hurricanes,
tornadoes, droughts, floods, and volcanic
eruptions. - Some are infrequent so organisms have not adapted
to these disturbances.
1436.1 Feeding relationships
- Energy flow through ecosystems begins with
producers. - Energy flows in 1 direction
- Nutrients cycle
15Consumers (Heterotrophs)
- Herbivores
- Eat only plants and fungi
- Omnivores
- Eat both plants/fungi and animals
- Carnivores
- Eat only animals
- Detrivores/ Decomposers
- consumers that feed on detritus, the wastes and
remains of dead organisms. - Nutrients returned back to the soil
16Producers (Autotrophs)
- Photosynthetic organisms
- Capture energy from sunlight, CO2 and H2O
- Most producers are photosynthetic
- Chemosynthetic or chemoautotrophs organisms
- Capture energy from chemical compounds in the
surroundings (DEEP SEA HYDROTHERMAL VENTS)
17- Energy is lost in each step up a food chain
- Only 10 of the energy from one level on the
food chain is available to the next level (90
lost as heat)
18 FOOD CHAINS
- The pathway of food transfer from one trophic
level to another is called a food chain. - In all food chains, producers make up the trophic
level that supports all other levels. - Whats missing from this food chain?
19FOOD WEBS
- Consumers usually have many food sources.
- A hawk can eat a small bird, fish, mouse...
- The pattern made by interconnected and branching
food chains is a food web.
20Food Webs
- Many consumers and decomposers have more than 1
food source - Movement of energy occurs in complex webs rather
than in simple chains
21A food web shows a complex network of feeding
relationships.
22A food web shows a complex network of feeding
relationships.
- An organism may have multiple feeding
relationships in an ecosystem. - A food web emphasizes complicated feeding
relationships and energy flow in an ecosystem.
23Trophic LevelsEach of the feeding organisms
represents a trophic level in the ecosystem.
Both energy and chemicals move from one organism
to the next as organisms feed.
- Producers/Primary Producers
- Autotrophs (Photosynthesizers, Chemosynthetic
organisms) - Primary consumers- 1st level
- Herbivores and omnivores that eat producers
- Secondary consumers- 2nd level
- Carnivores and omnivores that eat herbivores-
primary consumer - Tertiary consumers- 3rd level
- Carnivore eats another carnivore- secondary
consumer - Quaternary Consumers- 4th level
- eats another carnivore- tertiary consumers
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25Figure 36-2Each of these food chains includes
five trophic levels. The arrows indicate the
direction of food transfer between trophic levels.
26A Simplified Food Web?
2736.1 Objectives p. 788
- Contrast the flow of energy and chemicals in
ecosystems - Explain how trophic levels relate to food chains
and food webs. - Thumbs Up?
- Thumbs Down?
2836.1 Concept Check p. 791
- How are the movement of energy and the movement
of chemicals in ecosystems different? - 2. In the following food chain, identify the
trophic levels - Berries?mouse? owl
- fig. 36-3 identify a food chain w/ 3 trophic
levels