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Ch 36 Energy in Ecosystems

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Title: Chapter 36: Ecosystems and Conservation Biology Author: user Last modified by: Windows User Created Date: 10/31/2004 11:35:08 PM Document presentation format – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Ch 36 Energy in Ecosystems


1
Ch 36 Energy in Ecosystems
36.1 Food Chains Food Webs
2
34.1 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
  • What are biotic and abiotic factors?
  • The biological influences on organisms are
    called biotic factors. Physical components of an
    ecosystem are called abiotic factors.

3
Biotic Factors
  • A biotic factor is any living part of the
    environment with which an organism might
    interact, including animals, plants, mushrooms
    and bacteria.
  • Biotic factors relating to a bullfrog might
    include algae it eats as a tadpole, the herons
    that eat bullfrogs, and other species competing
    for food or space.

4
Abiotic Factors
  • An abiotic factor is any nonliving part of the
    environment, such as sunlight, heat,
    precipitation, humidity, wind or water currents,
    soil type, etc.
  • For example, a bullfrog could be affected by
    abiotic factors such as water availability,
    temperature, and humidity.

5
Biotic and Abiotic Factors Together
  • The difference between abiotic and biotic
    factors is not always clear. Abiotic factors can
    be influenced by the activities of organisms and
    vice versa.
  • For example, pond muck contains nonliving
    particles, and also contains mold and decomposing
    plant material that serve as food for bacteria
    and fungi.

6
Biotic and Abiotic Factors Together
  • In addition, trees and shrubs affect the amount
    of sunlight the shoreline receives, the range of
    temperatures it experiences, the humidity of the
    air, and even the chemical conditions of the
    soil.
  • A dynamic mix of biotic and abiotic factors
    shapes every environment.

7
34.1 The Study of Ecology
  • Ecology interactions among organisms and their
    environment
  • Biotic Factors Living things found in the
    environments (bacteria, protists, fungi, animals,
    plants).
  • Abiotic Factors the nonliving physical and
    chemical conditions (soil, water, air, sun.).

8
  • Organism- Smallest unit of ecological study.
  • Ex. Blue Sweet lip fish
  • Ecologists might ask, How do Blue Sweet lip fish
    adapt to the challenges posed by the
    environment?
  • Population- a group of individual species living
    in a particular area .
  • Ex. A group of Blue Sweet lip fish
  • Ecologists might ask, What factors limit the
    numbers of sweet lip fish living around this
    reef?
  • Communities- All of the organisms that live in a
    particular area make up a community.
  • Ex. Coral reef is home to many living things
    including fish, coral animals, microscopic
    algae.
  • Ecologists might ask, How might a disease that
    strikes the coral animals affect the other
    species in the community?

9
  • Ecosystems- includes the living (biotic factors)
    and the nonliving (abiotic factors) things in an
    area.
  • Reefs many living species, the temperature of
    the water, and the amount of sunlight
  • An ecologist might ask, How does nitrogen move
    within the reef ecosystem?
  • Biosphere- broadest level of ecological study.
  • Sum of all Earths ecosystems.
  • Envelope of air, water, land that supports and
    includes all life.
  • Biosphere is a closed system, this means that
    chemicals in the biospheres living and nonliving
    things mostly come from within the system, not
    from the outside.
  • An ecologist would study global issues, and the
    effects of climate change on living things.

10
Patchiness of the Biosphere
  • Biosphere is not uniform, it is unevenly spread
    out.
  • Biosphere is like a quilt of many different
    environments (land, oceans, lakes, ice)
  • You can find an uneven distribution of biomes on
    a continent.
  • You can find patches of woods, fresh water, and
    marshes in a smaller area of wilderness.
  • Patchiness creates a number of different
    habitats.
  • Habitat specific environment in which organisms
    live.
  • All habitats have different abiotic and biotic
    factors.

11
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12
Key Abiotic Factors- How it affects animals/
plants
  • 1.)Sunlight- provides light and warmth, powers
    photosynthesis.
  • Canopy of forest gets more light than the forest
    floor.
  • Sea floor gets less light than the surface of the
    ocean
  • 2.)Water- essential for all life. (we are 70
    water)
  • 3.)Temperature- most life exists between a narrow
    range of temperatures.
  • (0? 50 C)
  • Few organisms can maintain an active metabolism
    below 0 C
  • Most organisms enzymes are denatured above 50C

13
Key Abiotic Factors- How it affects animals/
plants
  • 4.) Soil- the product of abiotic forces (such as
    ice, rain, and wind) and the actions of the
    living things (microorganisms, plants and
    earthworms) on the rocks and minerals of the
    earths crust.
  • Chemical makeup of the soil and rock affect the
    types of plants that grow there.
  • Dry/ nutrient-poor soil dominated by little
    bluestem grasses
  • 5.) Wind- it can affect the distribution and
    organisms in several ways.
  • It moves clouds and rain over the Earths
    surface.
  • Stirs up water in ponds, lakes, and streams.
  • Creates currents that bring up nutrients from the
    bottom.
  • Helps to disperse pollen and seeds.
  • 6.) Sever Disturbances- fires, hurricanes,
    tornadoes, droughts, floods, and volcanic
    eruptions.
  • Some are infrequent so organisms have not adapted
    to these disturbances.

14
36.1 Feeding relationships
  • Energy flow through ecosystems begins with
    producers.
  • Energy flows in 1 direction
  • Nutrients cycle

15
Consumers (Heterotrophs)
  • Herbivores
  • Eat only plants and fungi
  • Omnivores
  • Eat both plants/fungi and animals
  • Carnivores
  • Eat only animals
  • Detrivores/ Decomposers
  • consumers that feed on detritus, the wastes and
    remains of dead organisms.
  • Nutrients returned back to the soil

16
Producers (Autotrophs)
  • Photosynthetic organisms
  • Capture energy from sunlight, CO2 and H2O
  • Most producers are photosynthetic
  • Chemosynthetic or chemoautotrophs organisms
  • Capture energy from chemical compounds in the
    surroundings (DEEP SEA HYDROTHERMAL VENTS)

17
  • Energy is lost in each step up a food chain
  • Only 10 of the energy from one level on the
    food chain is available to the next level (90
    lost as heat)

18

FOOD CHAINS
  • The pathway of food transfer from one trophic
    level to another is called a food chain.
  • In all food chains, producers make up the trophic
    level that supports all other levels.
  • Whats missing from this food chain?

19
FOOD WEBS
  • Consumers usually have many food sources.
  • A hawk can eat a small bird, fish, mouse...
  • The pattern made by interconnected and branching
    food chains is a food web.

20
Food Webs
  • Many consumers and decomposers have more than 1
    food source
  • Movement of energy occurs in complex webs rather
    than in simple chains

21
A food web shows a complex network of feeding
relationships.

22
A food web shows a complex network of feeding
relationships.
  • An organism may have multiple feeding
    relationships in an ecosystem.
  • A food web emphasizes complicated feeding
    relationships and energy flow in an ecosystem.

23
Trophic LevelsEach of the feeding organisms
represents a trophic level in the ecosystem.
Both energy and chemicals move from one organism
to the next as organisms feed.
  • Producers/Primary Producers
  • Autotrophs (Photosynthesizers, Chemosynthetic
    organisms)
  • Primary consumers- 1st level
  • Herbivores and omnivores that eat producers
  • Secondary consumers- 2nd level
  • Carnivores and omnivores that eat herbivores-
    primary consumer
  • Tertiary consumers- 3rd level
  • Carnivore eats another carnivore- secondary
    consumer
  • Quaternary Consumers- 4th level
  • eats another carnivore- tertiary consumers

24
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25
Figure 36-2Each of these food chains includes
five trophic levels. The arrows indicate the
direction of food transfer between trophic levels.
26
A Simplified Food Web?
27
36.1 Objectives p. 788
  • Contrast the flow of energy and chemicals in
    ecosystems
  • Explain how trophic levels relate to food chains
    and food webs.
  • Thumbs Up?
  • Thumbs Down?

28
36.1 Concept Check p. 791
  • How are the movement of energy and the movement
    of chemicals in ecosystems different?
  • 2. In the following food chain, identify the
    trophic levels
  • Berries?mouse? owl
  • fig. 36-3 identify a food chain w/ 3 trophic
    levels
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