Text Structure

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Text Structure

• Writers use text structure to construct their
  writing.
• Text have patterns of organization. These
  organizational patterns are the text structure.

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What is Text Structure?

• How information in a passage is organized
• We will study five common patterns
• Chronological
• Cause and Effect
• Compare and Contrast
• Problem and Solution
• Sequence / Steps / Process

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To determine the text structure of a text, search
for signal words.
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Chronological structure can refer to a time
line of events in the order in which they
occurred.Information is organized in order of
time.Chrono time Logic order
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Order of ImportanceThe author lists facts and de
tails starting with the most important. Each fol
lowing detail is less important the
one before.ORThe author may do the opposite and
begin with the least important and end with the
most important.
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Sequence / Process Writing

• Information is listed step-by-step.
• Explains how to do it or how it happens.

4. Flip omelet.
3. Cook onone side.
2. Add cheese.
Does not occur at a specific time.
1. Crack a few eggs.
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Signal Words Chronological, Sequencing, Order of
Importance
after, before, first, initially, next, soon,
today,
while, afterward, during, following, later
preceding, then, until, at last, finally,
meanwhile
now, second, third, when, then, on (date), at
(time)
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Cause and Effect

• An action and its results are explained in a
  Cause/Effect structure.
• The purpose is to explain why or how something
  happened, exists, or works.

Cause
Effect
Students did not learnthe material.
They performed poorly on the test.

• Presents the text in a cause and effect
  structure.
• Cause is why something happened and the Effect is
  the results.

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Cause and Effect Signal Words
accordingly, because, as a result of, so, thus
consequently, since, therefore, thus, ifthen
may be due to, nevertheless, for this reason
brought about by, reasons why, reasons for
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Compare and Contrast

• Tells how two things are similar and different.

Apples Oranges
Alike
Different
1. Both are fruits.
1. People dont eat orange skins.
2. Both have skin.
2. Oranges have more juice.
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Compare and ContrastSignal Words
alike, different, differs from, similar to, both
same as, as well as, on the other hand, yet
eitheror, not onlybut also, however,
common, even though, compared with
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Problem and Solution

• The author states a problem and list one or more
  solutions to the problem.

Problem
Solution
Property is beingspray painted.
Require a licenseto buy spray paint.

• Dont confuse with cause and effect.
• It is presented as a PROBLEM.

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Problem and Solution Signal Words
leads to, accordingly, a solution, a problem
puzzle is, solved, question, answer, this led to
so that, if.then, thus, one possible solution is
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Spatial / Descriptive Writing

• spatial relates to space.
• Describes something in order of space.
• Describes how something looks.
• TIME DOESNT PASS in these passages.

My bedroom
A television across from the bed.
Two windows on the west Wall
A bed in the middle.
A closet by the TV
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Tips to Identify

1. Ask, what is the author doing in this
   paragraph? Put it in your own words.
2. Have a hunch? Use the graphic organizer to see
   if the info fits.
3. Look for signal words.

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Goose BumpsSequence Goose bumps make me
shiver. First I get cold. Then I shake all
over. Description Goose bumps make me shiver.
I get little bumps on my skin. They look like
sesame seeds. 
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Compare and Contrast Some people get goose
bumps from fear. Others get goose bumps when
they are touched emotionally. Cause and
Effect Goose bumps make me shiver. When the
temperature drops below 45 degrees, my skin
crinkles into goose bumps. Problem and
Solution Goose bumps make me shiver. But they
disappear as soon as I cover up with a jacket.
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Practice

1. Read each passage.
2. Determine how the text is organized cause and
   effect, compare and contrast, chronological
   order, sequence / process writing, problem and
   solution.
3. Write your answer.

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Popular Sports

• Football and baseball are two of the most
  popular sports in the country. They have many
  things in common. For one, they are both team
  sports, and they both require players to advance
  to an end or home point on the playing field.
  However, football requires players to carry the
  ball to the end zone, whereas in baseball, it is
  the defending team that controls the ball while
  it is in play.

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Compare and Contrast
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Hot Chocolate The first known to enjoy chocolate
were the Aztec Indians of Mexico. Aztec people,
Especially the kings, enjoyed a drink they
called Chocolati, the original hot chocolate.
After visiting Mexico in 1519, the Spanish
explorer brought Chocolate back to Spain for the
Spanish royal families to enjoy. Hundreds of
years later, chocolate was made and sold in
stores in Europe.
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Chronological Order
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Studying for a Test

• Believe it or not, as important as it is, many
  students do not know how to study for a test.
  Well, studying for a test is easy. The first
  thing that you must do is take out your notes.
  Open your notes up to the section that you are
  supposed to review. Read what you wrote in your
  notebook. When you are done, close your notebook
  and see if you remember the ideas that you were
  studying. Still dont remember? Open your
  notebook back up a try again.

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Sequencing
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Low Test Scores

• Many students have been getting low scores on
  tests and this is upsetting to parents, teachers,
  and students. Low test scores show that teachers
  arent teaching effectively or that students
  arent learning. Either way its an issue with
  which we are concerned. I propose the following
  any teacher who is giving a test should open up
  their classroom for study groups the night and
  morning before the test. Maybe by giving
  students extra opportunities to study, we can
  improve students test scores.

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Problem/Solution
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Peanut Butter and Jelly

• After a long day at school, I came home and
  watched Cops, my favorite show. During the
  commercial breaks, I got up and made a peanut
  butter and jelly sandwich. I took the bread out
  of the cabinet, spread the jelly and peanut
  butter on the bread, and stuck the two pieces
  together. I enjoyed that sandwich as I watched
  the rest of Cops.

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Chronological
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Eligibility

• Being involved in after school sports and clubs
  is not a right. It is a privilege. Therefore,
  students have to meet eligibility requirements.
  If students have any Ds or Fs, they are not
  allowed to play. Also, if students have behavior
  issues in class, they cannot be on the team or in
  the club. Lastly, students need to keep good
  attendance. If students miss school, they most
  certainly cannot come to practice. Being on a
  team is a lot of responsibility. If students are
  not proving to be responsible, they will not be
  permitted to be in clubs or teams.

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Cause/Effect
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