Overview

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Lesson 4-Text
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?? Overview

• ??????
• ??????
• ????5???????????????????????
• ????????????
• ????????,??????????
• ???????HTML??????
• ????????????????????????????

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???? Using Text

• ??????Text in history.
• 1. ????????? Written text came into use about
  6,000 years ago.
• ???????????????Initially, reading and writing was
  reserved for the elite classes of society and the
  inner circles of government.
• 2. ????Johann Gensfleisch zum Gutenbergs
  printing press revolutionized text in the 15th
  century.
• ??????????????Text became
  more affordable and accessible to the masses.

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  ?????????????????????????,????????????????????????
  ??????,????????????

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• ???????????

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?????? The power of meaning.

• ??????????????????????Words appear in titles,
  menus, and navigational aids.

??????????
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?????? The power of meaning.

• ?????????????Text must be distilled to a few
  meaningful words.
• ?????????
• ?????????,????
• ??just do it(????)
• ?????????
• IBM?????????
• ???XO?????,?????
• ???????????,?????

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?????? The power of meaning.

• ?????????????????? Multimedia developers must use
  words carefully and accurately.

?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????
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???????????Importance of Text in a Multimedia
Presentation

• ???????????Factors affecting legibility of text
• ??Size.
• ??????Background and foreground color.
• ????Style.

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????Designing with text.

• ??????????????,?????????????????Computer screens
  are small and require efficient design.
• ????????????????????????Strike a density balance.
• a) ?????????Users performing research often
  prefer dense material, but too much material can
  seem overcrowded.
• b) ??????????Consider the venue and purpose of
  the text.

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?????? Choosing text fonts.

• 1. ????????Consider legibility when selecting
  fonts.
• 2. ????????Avoid using too many different
  faces.
• 3. ?????Adjust leading for readability.
• 4. ???Carefully observe kerning, especially in
  headings.
• 5. ??Explore different colors and backgrounds.
• 6. ????Use anti-aliasing to achieve a blended
  look.
• 7. ?????????Use drop caps and initial caps to
  accent words.
• 8. ????Minimize lines of centered text.
• 9. ??????Use altered or distorted layouts to grab
  attention.
• 10. ?????????Surround headlines with white space.
• 11. ??????????????Use colors and underlining to
  distinguish text links.
• 12. ???????On a Web page, place important items
  in the top 320 pixels of screen real estate.

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??????Importance of Text in a Multimedia
Presentation

• ????????????????????????Words and symbols in any
  form, spoken or written, are the most common
  means of communication.
• ????????????????Text is a vital element of
  multimedia menus, navigation systems, and content.

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?????Understanding Fonts and Typefaces

• ?????????????????????A typeface is a family of
  graphic characters that usually includes many
  type sizes and styles.
• ??????????????????????????A font is a
  collection of characters of a single size and
  style belonging to a particular typeface family.

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Understanding Fonts and Typefaces

• The study of fonts and typefaces includes the
  following
• ????Font styles attributes of a font .
• ????Font sizes.
• ?????Cases.
• ??????Serif versus Sans Serif.

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????Font Styles

• ??????Font styles include
• ??Boldface
• ??Italic
• ???Underlining

???Outlining
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????Font Sizes

• ??????????? the type size is usually measured in
  points
• One point is 1/72nd of an inch (0.0138
  inch).????,???????,????9pt(?12px)?10.5pt(?14.7px)?
  ??,??????verdana ?Arial??,?????????,??????????????
  ??,??????? pt ??? px ????
• ???????????????Character metrics are the general
  measurements applied to individual characters.
• ????Kerning is the spacing between character
  pairs.
• ???Leading is the space between lines.

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???Cases

• ????A capitalized letter is referred to as
  uppercase, ????while a small letter is referred
  to as 'lowercase.'
• ????Placing an uppercase letter in the middle of
  a word is referred to as intercap.

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??????Serif Versus Sans Serif

• ??????????????????????Serif is the little
  decoration at the end of a letter stroke.
• ??????????????????Serif fonts are used for body
  text.
• ????????????????Sans serif fonts do not have a
  serif at the end of a letter stroke.
• ??????????????????These fonts are used for
  headlines and bold statements.

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?????Symbols and Icons

• ?????????????????Symbols are concentrated text in
  the form of stand-alone graphic constructs.
• ????????????They are used to convey meaningful
  messages.
• ????????Symbols used to convey human emotions are
  called emoticons.
• ???????????????????????Icons are symbolic
  representations of objects and processes.

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Using Text Elements in a Multimedia Presentation

• ????????

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?????? ??? ???? ??? ??ve??? ??? TAMY?? ??????
?????? ?LY? ??s? ?????? ?8? ???T o???o? ??????
Cc??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????
?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???T ?????
?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???
???GRIL? ?????? ???? ???? ??_?? ????? ?girl
??8?? ????? SVmm??y ?girl _at___at_?? ????? ??????
?o? WeSt?K ????? I?ov?you ???? sSZz?o ? ?)?
_at__--316--__at_ ???? ?2o ?_at___at_?ROY? ??_????FQ?
????? ????? ?????? ?o? TAMY?? ??ve???
o????ve???? ?????? ??????? ???????? LoV? ?
??Simleyt ???? ?????? ???2002? (o)?(o)
?? ?A??? ???? ???o???o? ?o?????o?
????????????? ?????????? ??????????????
??--????? ????????? ????????? ??????????????
????????????? ?????????????????????????
?????????????n??? o?o?o ???I????Love???
?You??? ????????????????
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????Character Sets

• ????????The American Standard Code for
  Information Interchange (ASCII) is a 7-bit coding
  system.
• ?????The extended character set is commonly
  filled with ANSI standard characters.
• ISO-Latin-1 ???The ISO-Latin-1 character set is
  used while programming the text of HTML pages.

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Using Text Elements in a Multimedia Presentation

• ?????????The text elements used in multimedia
  are
• ?????Menus for navigation.
• ????Interactive buttons.
• ??Fields for reading.
• ????????HTML??HTML documents.

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????Menus for Navigation

• ???????????????A user navigates through content
  using a menu.
• Menus are useful navigation aids in many
  projects.
• ????????????????????Menus can be simple lists of
  text headings
• Use navigation menus to show
• a) Where the user can go.
• b) Where the user currently is.

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• Buttons for interaction.
• 1. Use text wisely to identify buttons.
• 2. Style button text for quick readability.
• 3. Buttons with graphical text will not encounter
  font availability problems.

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????Interactive Buttons

• ??????????????????????A button is a clickable
  object that executes a command when activated.
• ????????????Users can create their own buttons
  from bitmaps and graphics.
• ?????The design and labeling of the buttons
  should be treated as an industrial art project.

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• ???????????????????Georgia and Verdana fonts are
  specifically designed for display on a computer
  monitor.
• ??????????????Rollovers can display extra
  information from buttons or images.

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????Fields for Reading

• ???????????Reading a hard copy is easier and
  faster than reading from the computer screen.
• ?????????A document can be printed in one of two
  orientations - portrait or landscape.

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Creating Attractive Texts

• ?????????????
• Applications that are used to enhance texts and
  images include
• Adobe Photoshop
• TypeStyler
• COOL 3D
• HotTEXT
• TypeCaster

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HTML Documents

• ???????HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language.
• ????????It is the standard document format used
  for Web pages.
• ???????????????HTML documents are marked using
  tags.

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HTML Documents

• ??HTMLAn advanced form of HTML is DHTML.
• DHTML stands for Dynamic Hypertext Markup
  Language.
• CSS???DHTML uses Cascading Style Sheets (CSS).

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HTML Documents

• ???????Some of the commonly used tags are
• The ltBgt tag for making text bold faced.
• The ltOLgt tag for creating an ordered list.
• The ltIMGgt tag for inserting images.

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Hypertext System

• ????????????????????????Hypertext is defined as
  the organized cross-linking of words, images, and
  other Web elements.
• ?????A system in which words are keyed or indexed
  to other words is referred to as a hypertext
  system.
• ???????A hypertext system enables the user to
  navigate through text in a non-linear way.

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Using Hypertext Systems

• ???????????????????????Information management and
  hypertext programs present electronic text,
  images, and other elements in a database fashion.
• Web????????Software robots visit Web pages and
  index entire Web sites.

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Hypermedia Structures

• ?????
• ??Links.
• ??Nodes.
• ?Anchors.
• ????Navigating hypermedia structures.

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?? Links

• ?????????????Links are connections between
  conceptual elements.
• ??????????Links are the navigation pathways and
  menus.

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?? Nodes

• ?????????????????????Nodes are accessible topics,
  documents, messages, and content elements.
• ?????????????????Nodes and links form the
  backbone of a knowledge access system.

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?? Anchors

• ?????????????????????????????????Anchor is
  defined as the reference from one document to
  another document, image, sound, or file on the
  Web.
• ??????????,?????????????????The source node
  linked to the anchor is referred to as a link
  anchor.The destination node linked to the anchor
  is referred to as a link end.

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Hypertext Tools

• ?????????Hypertext systems are used for
• ???Electronic publishing and reference works.
• ????Technical documentation.
• ????Educational courseware.
• ?????Interactive kiosks.
• ??????Electronic catalogs.

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Lesson 5-Sound
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Overview

• ???? Introduction to sound.
• ?????????Multimedia system sound.
• ?????Digital audio.
• MIDI ??MIDI audio.
• ?????????Audio file formats.
• ????????????Adding sound to multimedia project

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????? Introduction to Sound

• ??????Vibrations in the air create waves of
  pressure that are perceived as sound.
• ????????????Sound waves vary in sound pressure
  level (amplitude) and in frequency or pitch.
• ?????????????????Acoustics is the branch of
  physics that studies sound.
• ?????????DB???Sound pressure levels (loudness or
  volume) are measured in decibels (dB).

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??????? Multimedia System Sound

• ??????????????????????????????,????????????????
• ??????
• ??????????????
• ???????????????

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• ????????????????
• ????
• ??????(???)??(??)??(??)
• ??????????? MIDI????????????
• ??????WAV MIDI CDA MP3?

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??????? Multimedia System Sound

• ???? System sounds are assigned to various system
  events such as startup and warnings, among
  others.
• Windows ????????????In Windows, available system
  sounds include start.wav, chimes.wav, and
  chord.wav.
• ??????????????????MIDI???Multimedia sound is
  either digitally recorded audio or MIDI (Musical
  Instrumental Digital Interface) music.

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???? Digital Audio

• ?????????????Digital audio data is the actual
  representation of sound, stored in the form of
  samples.
• ???????????????????????,?????????????????????

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• ?????
• ????????????????????
• ??????????
• ????
• ????
• ????

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???? Digital Audio

• ???????????????,???????,??KHZ/S samples represent
  the amplitude (or loudness) of sound at a
  discrete point in time.
• ????????????????????,?????????????????,?BIT????
• ???????????????,???????Quality of digital
  recording depends on the sampling rate, (or
  frequency) that is, the number of samples taken
  per second.

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Digital Audio

• ??????????????The value of each sample is rounded
  off to the nearest integer (quantization).

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Digital Audio

• ??????Crucial aspects of preparing digital audio
  files are
• ?????????????????????????????
• ?????????
• Balancing the need for sound quality against
  available RAM and hard disk resource.
• Setting appropriate recording levels to get a
  high-quality and clean recording.

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Digital Audio

• 1????????
• ?????????
• ???Size of a monophonic digital recording
  sampling rate x (bit resolution/8) x 1.
• ???Size of stereo recording sampling rate x
  duration of recording in seconds x (bit
  resolution/8) x 2.
• 2??????????,?????

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Professional Sound

• ??????????????????????Compression techniques
  reduce space but reliability suffers.
• ???????????
• File size of digital recording (in bytes)
  sampling rate X duration of recording (in secs) X
  (bit resolution/8) X number of tracks.
• ????(??)????????/8?????
• 44.110316/826010.584MB

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Digital Audio

• 3???????Once a recording had been completed, it
  almost always needs to be edited.
• ????????????????????????????Basic sound editing
  operations include trimming, splicing and
  assembly, volume adjustments and working on
  multiple tracks.

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Digital Audio

• ?????????????????????????????Additional available
  sound editing operations include format
  conversion, resampling or downsampling, fade-ins
  and fade-outs, equalization, time stretching,
  digital signal processing, and reversing sounds.

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MIDI ?? MIDI Audio

• MIDI ?????????????????MIDI is a shorthand
  representation of music stored in numeric form.
• MIDI ?????????It is not digitized sound.
• ??MIDI ?????????,??????????????? A
  sequencer software and sound synthesizer is
  required in order to create MIDI scores.
• MIDI ?????,???????????????????MIDI is device
  dependent.

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???????MIDI???????
MIDI ?? ??
MIDI ??/ ?? ??
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??? ??
????
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?????
MIDI??
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MIDI Audio

• ??MIDI ????,?????????????Since they are small,
  MIDI files embedded in web pages load and play
  promptly.
• MIDI ????????????, MIDI ?????????Length of a MIDI
  file can be changed without affecting the pitch
  of the music or degrading audio quality.
• ??MIDI ?????????,?????????????????Working with
  MIDI requires knowledge of music theory.

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??????? Audio File Formats

• ??????????????????????????????????A sound files
  format is a recognized methodology for organizing
  data bits of digitized sound into a data file.
• ?????,???????AIFF or AIFC ??On the Macintosh,
  digitized sounds may be stored as data files,
  resources, or applications such as AIFF or AIFC.
• PC?????????WAV??In Windows, digitized sounds are
  usually stored as WAV files.

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Audio File Formats

• CD-ROM/XA ???????CD,????????????????CD-ROM/XA
  (Extended Architecture) format enabled several
  recording sessions to be placed on a single CD-R
  (recordable) disc.
• CD???????????????????.cda?Linear Pulse Code
  Modulation is used for Red Book Audio data files
  on consumer-grade music CDs.

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Audio File Formats

• ???????????????RAM??????.ra .ram
• ?????Quicktime??????????????????????????.mov

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MIDI ????? MIDI Versus Digital Audio

• MIDI?????80???????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????
• ??MIDI ?????????????,?????????MIDI is device
  dependent while digitized audio is device
  independent.
• MIDI ?????????MIDI files are much smaller than
  digitized audio.
• MIDI ???????MIDI????????????????,MIDI files sound
  better than digital audio files when played on a
  high-quality MIDI device.

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MIDI Versus Digital Audio

• MIDI????????
• ???????
• ??MIDI??????

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??????????Adding Sound to Multimedia Project

• ??????????????????????File formats compatible
  with multimedia authoring software being used
  along with delivery mediums, must be determined.
• ????????????Sound playback capabilities offered
  by end users system must be studied.

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Adding Sound to Multimedia Project

• ???????????????????????????????The type of
  sound, whether background music, special sound
  effects, or spoken dialog, must be decided.
• ?????MIDI ????????????????????????Digital audio
  or MIDI data should be selected on the basis of
  the location and time of use.

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????????Professional Sound

• ??????????CD????Red Book (or ISO 10149) standard
  is a standard for digitally encoding high-quality
  stereo.
• ??????,??????????????For this standard, the
  digital audio sample size is 16 bits and sampling
  rate is 44.1 KHz.
• ??????????????????????????The amount of digital
  sound information required for high-quality sound
  takes up a great deal of disk storage space.

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• ????
• ????
• ?????
• ????

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Summary

• ???????????????Vibrations in air create waves of
  pressure that are perceived as sound.
• ??MIDI???Multimedia system sound is digitally
  recorded audio or MIDI (Musical Instrumental
  Digital Interface) music.
• ?????????Digital audio data is the actual
  representation of a sound, stored in the form of
  samples.

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Summary

• ???????MIDI ??MIDI is a shorthand representation
  of music stored in numeric form.
• ?????????????????Digital audio provides
  consistent playback quality.
• ??????????????MIDI files are much smaller than
  digitized audio.
• ???????????????????????MIDI files sound better
  than digital audio files when played on
  high-quality MIDI device.