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Hallucinogens (Psychedelics)

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Title: Hallucinogens (Psychedelics)


1
Hallucinogens(Psychedelics)
2
Hallucinogens
  • substances that alter sensory processing in the
    brain, causing perceptual disturbances, changes
    in thought processing, and depersonalization

3
Modern day history of hallucinogens
  • The Native American Church
  • The American Indian Religious Freedom Act of
    1978
  • Timothy Leary and the League of Spiritual
    Discovery
  • The Psychedelic Experience

4
The nature of hallucinogens
  • Many drugs can exert hallucinogenic effects
  • LSD types
  • Phenylethylamines
  • Anticholinergic agents

5
Nature of hallucinogens
  • Psychedelic
  • Psychotogenic
  • Psychotomimetic

6
Sensory and psychological effects of hallucinogens
  • Altered senses
  • synesthesia
  • Loss of control
  • flashbacks
  • Self-reflection
  • make conscious the unconscious
  • Loss of identity and cosmic merging
  • mystical-spiritual aspect of the drug
    experience

7
Traditional hallucinogens LSD types agents
  • LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), mescaline,
    psilocybin, dimethyltryptamine (DMT), and
    myristicin
  • These drugs cause predominantly psychedelic
    effects

8
Of high school seniors sampled
  • 11.3 had used in 1975
  • 8.6 has used in 1992
  • 12.2 had used in 1999

9
Traditional hallucinogens LSD types agents
  • Physical properties of LSD
  • In pure form - colorless, odorless, tasteless
  • Street names - acid, blotter acid, microdot,
    white lightning

10
Traditional Hallucinogens
  • Physiological effects
  • Massive increase in neural activity
  • Activates sympathetic nervous system (rise in
    body temp., heart rate, and blood pressure)
  • Parasympathetic nervous system (increase in
    salivation and nausea)

11
Traditional hallucinogens LSD types agents
  • About half of the substance is cleared from the
    body within 3 hours, and more than 90 is
    excreted within 24 hours
  • Effects of this hallucinogen can last 2-12 hours
  • Tolerance to the effects of LSD develops very
    quickly

12
Other LSD types agents
  • Mescaline (Peyote)
  • Mescaline is the most active drug in peyote it
    induces intensified perception of colors and
    euphoria
  • Effects include dilation of the pupils, increase
    in body temperature, anxiety, visual
    hallucinations, and alteration of body image,
    vomiting, muscular relaxation in very high doses
    may cause death
  • Street samples are rarely authentic

13
Other LSD types agents
  • Psilocybin - its principal source is the
    Psilocybe mexicana mushroom
  • It is not very common of the street
  • Hallucinogenic effects produced are quite
    similar to LSD
  • Cross tolerance among psilocybin, LSD,
    mescaline
  • Stimulates the autonomic nervous system, dilates
    the pupils, increases the body temperature

14
Other LSD types agents
  • Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
  • A short-acting hallucinogen
  • Found in seeds of certain leguminous trees and
    prepared synthetically
  • It is inhaled and similar action as psilocybin

15
Other Hallucinogenic (LSD type)
  • Nutmeg
  • Myristica oil responsible for physical effects
  • High doses can be quite intoxicating
  • Can also cause unpleasant trips

16
Phenylethylamine hallucinogens
  • The phenylethylamine drugs are chemically
    related to amphetamines.
  • They have varying degrees of hallucinogenic and
    CNS stimulant effects
  • Phenylethylamines that predominantly
  • Release serotonin are dominated by their
    hallucinogenic action
  • Release dopamine are dominated by their stimulant
    effects

17
Phenylethylamine hallucinogens
  • Dimthoxymethylamphetamine (DOM or STP)
  • Designer amphetamines
  • 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA)
  • Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)

18
Anticholinergic hallucinogens
  • The anticholinergic hallucinogens include
    naturally occurring alkaloid substances that
    are present in plants and herbs
  • The potato family of plants contains most of
    these mind-altering drugs
  • 3 potent anticholingergic compounds
  • Scopolamine
  • Hyoscyamine
  • Atropine

19
Anticholinergic hallucinogens
  • Atropa Belladonna The Deadly Nightshade
  • Mandragora Officinarum The Mandrake
  • Hyoscyamus Niger Henbane
  • Datura Stramonium Jimsonweed

20
Other hallucinogens
  • Phencyclidine (PCP)
  • It was developed as an intravenous anesthetic,
    but found to have serious adverse side effects
  • It differs from the other traditional
    hallucinogens
  • It is a general anesthetic in high doses
  • It causes incredible strength and extreme
    violent behavior
  • Management of the severe psychological reactions
    requires drug therapy

21
Other hallucinogens
  • Phencyclidine (PCP) physiological effects
  • Hallucinogenic effects, stimulation, depression,
    anesthesia, analgesia
  • Large doses can cause coma, convulsions, and
    death
  • PCP psychological effects
  • Feelings of strength, power, invulnerability
    perceptual distortions, paranoia, violence,
    psychoses,

22
Other hallucinogens inhalants
  • The most commonly abused inhalants are volatile
    substances that can cause hallucinations,
    intoxication, and euphoria.
  • Volatile solvents
  • Anesthetics
  • Nitrites
  • Mild doses - mild stimulations, lack of motor
    control, dizziness, hallucinations
  • High doses - violent behavior, heart arrhythmia,
    unconsciousness, death22

23
From the forest to the front lawn?
  • This lecture reviews basic information on most of
    the hallucinogen and dissociative intoxicants
    growing throughout the U.S.
  • Psychoactive composition, geographic
    distribution, and brief overview on preparation
    and/or intoxication will be reviewed

24
Ephedra Caffeine-like Stimulant
25
The Ephedra Equation
  • Most dietary supplements marketed as
    psychoactive intoxicants contain ephedrine and/or
    caffeine from a variety of botanical sources.
  • In China, Ma Huang is used directly as a tea or
    compounded with other herbs.
  • Historically in the U.S., it was used as a
    stimulant tea Mormon Tea, Brigham Tea, and other
    names.
  • Contains ephedrine, pseudo-ephedrine,
    nor-ephedrine, methyl-ephedrine, tannins,
    saponin, and flavone

26
Ephedra grows in the deserts of the Southwest
27
Ephedra of the USE. trifurca, E. viridis, E.
torreyana, E. nevadensis and E. californica
  • 100 gm dried ephedra could contain anywhere from
    0 to 2.6 gm of ephedrine
  • Herbalists do offer pure extract preparations

28
Psilocybe Mushrooms Potent Hallucinogen
  • Psilocybin 4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-DMT
  • Psilocin 4-hydroxy-N,N-DMT
  • Psilocybe cubensis typically contains 1.6 mg
    psilocybin per gram of dried mushroom
  • 40 mcg/kg intoxicates
  • 3 to 4 hour duration

29
Psilocybe Mushrooms
  • Small brown mushrooms that stain blue to the
    touch
  • Illicit cultivation but also foraged from
    temperate climates

30
Psilocybe MushroomsReligious Use
Religious use continues in Oaxaca, Mexico
31
Psilocybin content
32
Dimethyltryptamine Potent Hallucinogen (DMT)
  • N,N-Dimethyltryptamine
  • 10 to 20 mg smoked 15 minute intoxication
  • Approximately 100mg oral ingestion in presence of
    an MAOI 3-4 hour intoxication
  • Many sources
  • Religious use of ayahuasca continues in Brazil
    indigenous and modern religions Santo Daime
    and Uniao do Vegetal. Both seek permission to use
    in the U.S.

33
DMTits as common as crabgrass
  • Canary grass Phalaris aquatica, P.
    arundinacea, P. canariensis, P. tuberosa
  • Desmanthus illinoensis Prairie Bundleflower
  • Many other sources mostly S. America.

34
DMT content
  • Alkaloids reported as mg/100g raw dried plant
  • P. tuberosa DMT 100 mg 5-Me-DMT 22 mg
    5-OH-DMT 5 mg
  • P. arundinacea DMT 60 mg
  • Desmanthus illinoesis (root bark) DMT 340 mg
  • Psychotria viridis DMT 200 mg

35
Phalaris spp.
36
Desmanthus illinoesis
37
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
Sedative-hypnotic properties and possibly
hallucinogenic/dissociative properties Sources
Peganum harmala, Passiflora spp., USED TO MAKE
DMT ORALLY ACTIVE
38
Peganum harmala
39
Peganum harmala
  • Commonly called Syrian rue
  • Contains reversible MAOIs that may also be
    psychoactive (2 to 4 beta-carboline content).
  • Ayahuascas MAOI source only has 0.5
    beta-carboline content.
  • Passiflora approx. 1

40
Passiflora incarnata
  • Passion flower fruit used in drinks some herbal
    preparations as a sedative

41
Peyote Potent Hallucinogen
Lophophoria williamsii
Contains mescaline
42
Natural Range of Peyote
43
Harvesting Peyote
44
Peyote
  • Lophophoria williamsii contains 1.5 mescaline
    (b-3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine)
  • 3mg/kg potent intoxication
  • Up to 8 to 10 hour duration
  • Continued religious use in North America
  • Other cacti used in South America and also

45
Trichocereus spp.
  • Most popular source of non-sacramental mescaline
    in the U.S. isnt peyote
  • These ornamental cacti can be found almost
    everywhere

46
The Peyote Ceremony
Stewart OC. Peyote Religion. Norman, OK
University of Oklahoma Press, 1987.
Aberle DF. The Peyote Religion Among the Navaho.
Chicago, IL Aldine Publishing Co., 1966.
47
The Peyote Ceremony
  • Reasons for a meeting
  • The Road Chief and
  • Tobacco prayers
  • Ingestion of Peyote
  • Power of song
  • Water ceremony
  • The morning after

48
Lysergic Acid Amide
Ipomoea spp. (esp. I. purpurea) Morning Glory
5-10 grams of seeds Aztec Oliliuqui
Argyria nervosa Hawaiian Baby Woodrose 4-8 seeds
ingested
49
Salvia divinorum potent hallucinogen
  • Many other Salvia spp. may also contain
    psychoactive diterpenes. Salvinorin A
  • Related to Sage plants/Mint family
  • Does not grow in the United States naturally, but
    can readily be cultivated. Mexican origin
  • First reported in 1962 but popularity increased
    via Internet

50
Salvia divinorum
51
Coleus?
52
Datura stramonium Potent Dissociative
53
Datura
  • Leaves typically cut and smoked
  • Contains atropine, scopalomine, and
  • Ancient ceremonial use in the U.S.
  • Occasional report of death by ingestion of root
  • Many other sources for atropine and
    scopalominemandrake, henbane

54
Amanita muscaria
Found throughout the U.S. Muscimol is the primary
psychoactive alkaloid Dissociative
55
Bufo Frogs
  • Contains bufontinin but intoxication primarily
    from 5-Meo-DMT
  • The toad is NOT licked but glands are milked for
    poison

56
Botanical intoxicantsfuture mayhem?
  • None of these plants are addictive, other than
    cultivation of the opium poppy in the U.S., which
    is not common. Illicit cultivation of Cannabis
    spp., of course, continues.
  • Eradication of the illicit drug market of
    hallucinogens may drive the resourceful to
    these botanicals more than today.
  • It is not feasible to eradicate these botanicals
    from U.S. territory
  • The Internet will drive an ever wider
    dissemination of information on these botanicals
    to those seeking this information

57
References
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