Title: Hallucinogens (Psychedelics)
1Hallucinogens(Psychedelics)
2Hallucinogens
- substances that alter sensory processing in the
brain, causing perceptual disturbances, changes
in thought processing, and depersonalization
3Modern day history of hallucinogens
- The Native American Church
- The American Indian Religious Freedom Act of
1978 - Timothy Leary and the League of Spiritual
Discovery - The Psychedelic Experience
4The nature of hallucinogens
- Many drugs can exert hallucinogenic effects
- LSD types
- Phenylethylamines
- Anticholinergic agents
5Nature of hallucinogens
- Psychedelic
- Psychotogenic
- Psychotomimetic
6Sensory and psychological effects of hallucinogens
- Altered senses
- synesthesia
- Loss of control
- flashbacks
- Self-reflection
- make conscious the unconscious
- Loss of identity and cosmic merging
- mystical-spiritual aspect of the drug
experience
7Traditional hallucinogens LSD types agents
- LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), mescaline,
psilocybin, dimethyltryptamine (DMT), and
myristicin - These drugs cause predominantly psychedelic
effects
8Of high school seniors sampled
- 11.3 had used in 1975
- 8.6 has used in 1992
- 12.2 had used in 1999
9Traditional hallucinogens LSD types agents
- Physical properties of LSD
- In pure form - colorless, odorless, tasteless
- Street names - acid, blotter acid, microdot,
white lightning
10Traditional Hallucinogens
- Physiological effects
- Massive increase in neural activity
- Activates sympathetic nervous system (rise in
body temp., heart rate, and blood pressure) - Parasympathetic nervous system (increase in
salivation and nausea)
11Traditional hallucinogens LSD types agents
- About half of the substance is cleared from the
body within 3 hours, and more than 90 is
excreted within 24 hours - Effects of this hallucinogen can last 2-12 hours
- Tolerance to the effects of LSD develops very
quickly
12Other LSD types agents
- Mescaline (Peyote)
- Mescaline is the most active drug in peyote it
induces intensified perception of colors and
euphoria - Effects include dilation of the pupils, increase
in body temperature, anxiety, visual
hallucinations, and alteration of body image,
vomiting, muscular relaxation in very high doses
may cause death - Street samples are rarely authentic
13Other LSD types agents
- Psilocybin - its principal source is the
Psilocybe mexicana mushroom - It is not very common of the street
- Hallucinogenic effects produced are quite
similar to LSD - Cross tolerance among psilocybin, LSD,
mescaline - Stimulates the autonomic nervous system, dilates
the pupils, increases the body temperature
14Other LSD types agents
- Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
- A short-acting hallucinogen
- Found in seeds of certain leguminous trees and
prepared synthetically - It is inhaled and similar action as psilocybin
-
15Other Hallucinogenic (LSD type)
- Nutmeg
- Myristica oil responsible for physical effects
- High doses can be quite intoxicating
- Can also cause unpleasant trips
16Phenylethylamine hallucinogens
- The phenylethylamine drugs are chemically
related to amphetamines. - They have varying degrees of hallucinogenic and
CNS stimulant effects - Phenylethylamines that predominantly
- Release serotonin are dominated by their
hallucinogenic action - Release dopamine are dominated by their stimulant
effects
17Phenylethylamine hallucinogens
- Dimthoxymethylamphetamine (DOM or STP)
- Designer amphetamines
- 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA)
- Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)
18Anticholinergic hallucinogens
- The anticholinergic hallucinogens include
naturally occurring alkaloid substances that
are present in plants and herbs - The potato family of plants contains most of
these mind-altering drugs - 3 potent anticholingergic compounds
- Scopolamine
- Hyoscyamine
- Atropine
19Anticholinergic hallucinogens
- Atropa Belladonna The Deadly Nightshade
- Mandragora Officinarum The Mandrake
- Hyoscyamus Niger Henbane
- Datura Stramonium Jimsonweed
20Other hallucinogens
- Phencyclidine (PCP)
- It was developed as an intravenous anesthetic,
but found to have serious adverse side effects - It differs from the other traditional
hallucinogens - It is a general anesthetic in high doses
- It causes incredible strength and extreme
violent behavior - Management of the severe psychological reactions
requires drug therapy
21Other hallucinogens
- Phencyclidine (PCP) physiological effects
- Hallucinogenic effects, stimulation, depression,
anesthesia, analgesia - Large doses can cause coma, convulsions, and
death - PCP psychological effects
- Feelings of strength, power, invulnerability
perceptual distortions, paranoia, violence,
psychoses,
22Other hallucinogens inhalants
- The most commonly abused inhalants are volatile
substances that can cause hallucinations,
intoxication, and euphoria. - Volatile solvents
- Anesthetics
- Nitrites
- Mild doses - mild stimulations, lack of motor
control, dizziness, hallucinations - High doses - violent behavior, heart arrhythmia,
unconsciousness, death22
23From the forest to the front lawn?
- This lecture reviews basic information on most of
the hallucinogen and dissociative intoxicants
growing throughout the U.S. - Psychoactive composition, geographic
distribution, and brief overview on preparation
and/or intoxication will be reviewed
24Ephedra Caffeine-like Stimulant
25The Ephedra Equation
- Most dietary supplements marketed as
psychoactive intoxicants contain ephedrine and/or
caffeine from a variety of botanical sources. - In China, Ma Huang is used directly as a tea or
compounded with other herbs. - Historically in the U.S., it was used as a
stimulant tea Mormon Tea, Brigham Tea, and other
names. - Contains ephedrine, pseudo-ephedrine,
nor-ephedrine, methyl-ephedrine, tannins,
saponin, and flavone
26Ephedra grows in the deserts of the Southwest
27Ephedra of the USE. trifurca, E. viridis, E.
torreyana, E. nevadensis and E. californica
- 100 gm dried ephedra could contain anywhere from
0 to 2.6 gm of ephedrine - Herbalists do offer pure extract preparations
28Psilocybe Mushrooms Potent Hallucinogen
- Psilocybin 4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-DMT
- Psilocin 4-hydroxy-N,N-DMT
- Psilocybe cubensis typically contains 1.6 mg
psilocybin per gram of dried mushroom - 40 mcg/kg intoxicates
- 3 to 4 hour duration
29Psilocybe Mushrooms
- Small brown mushrooms that stain blue to the
touch - Illicit cultivation but also foraged from
temperate climates
30Psilocybe MushroomsReligious Use
Religious use continues in Oaxaca, Mexico
31Psilocybin content
32Dimethyltryptamine Potent Hallucinogen (DMT)
- N,N-Dimethyltryptamine
- 10 to 20 mg smoked 15 minute intoxication
- Approximately 100mg oral ingestion in presence of
an MAOI 3-4 hour intoxication - Many sources
- Religious use of ayahuasca continues in Brazil
indigenous and modern religions Santo Daime
and Uniao do Vegetal. Both seek permission to use
in the U.S.
33DMTits as common as crabgrass
- Canary grass Phalaris aquatica, P.
arundinacea, P. canariensis, P. tuberosa - Desmanthus illinoensis Prairie Bundleflower
- Many other sources mostly S. America.
34DMT content
- Alkaloids reported as mg/100g raw dried plant
- P. tuberosa DMT 100 mg 5-Me-DMT 22 mg
5-OH-DMT 5 mg - P. arundinacea DMT 60 mg
- Desmanthus illinoesis (root bark) DMT 340 mg
- Psychotria viridis DMT 200 mg
35Phalaris spp.
36Desmanthus illinoesis
37Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
Sedative-hypnotic properties and possibly
hallucinogenic/dissociative properties Sources
Peganum harmala, Passiflora spp., USED TO MAKE
DMT ORALLY ACTIVE
38Peganum harmala
39Peganum harmala
- Commonly called Syrian rue
- Contains reversible MAOIs that may also be
psychoactive (2 to 4 beta-carboline content). - Ayahuascas MAOI source only has 0.5
beta-carboline content. - Passiflora approx. 1
40Passiflora incarnata
- Passion flower fruit used in drinks some herbal
preparations as a sedative
41Peyote Potent Hallucinogen
Lophophoria williamsii
Contains mescaline
42Natural Range of Peyote
43Harvesting Peyote
44Peyote
- Lophophoria williamsii contains 1.5 mescaline
(b-3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) - 3mg/kg potent intoxication
- Up to 8 to 10 hour duration
- Continued religious use in North America
- Other cacti used in South America and also
45Trichocereus spp.
- Most popular source of non-sacramental mescaline
in the U.S. isnt peyote - These ornamental cacti can be found almost
everywhere
46The Peyote Ceremony
Stewart OC. Peyote Religion. Norman, OK
University of Oklahoma Press, 1987.
Aberle DF. The Peyote Religion Among the Navaho.
Chicago, IL Aldine Publishing Co., 1966.
47The Peyote Ceremony
- Reasons for a meeting
- The Road Chief and
- Tobacco prayers
- Ingestion of Peyote
- Power of song
- Water ceremony
- The morning after
48Lysergic Acid Amide
Ipomoea spp. (esp. I. purpurea) Morning Glory
5-10 grams of seeds Aztec Oliliuqui
Argyria nervosa Hawaiian Baby Woodrose 4-8 seeds
ingested
49Salvia divinorum potent hallucinogen
- Many other Salvia spp. may also contain
psychoactive diterpenes. Salvinorin A - Related to Sage plants/Mint family
- Does not grow in the United States naturally, but
can readily be cultivated. Mexican origin - First reported in 1962 but popularity increased
via Internet
50Salvia divinorum
51Coleus?
52Datura stramonium Potent Dissociative
53Datura
- Leaves typically cut and smoked
- Contains atropine, scopalomine, and
- Ancient ceremonial use in the U.S.
- Occasional report of death by ingestion of root
- Many other sources for atropine and
scopalominemandrake, henbane
54Amanita muscaria
Found throughout the U.S. Muscimol is the primary
psychoactive alkaloid Dissociative
55Bufo Frogs
- Contains bufontinin but intoxication primarily
from 5-Meo-DMT - The toad is NOT licked but glands are milked for
poison
56Botanical intoxicantsfuture mayhem?
- None of these plants are addictive, other than
cultivation of the opium poppy in the U.S., which
is not common. Illicit cultivation of Cannabis
spp., of course, continues. - Eradication of the illicit drug market of
hallucinogens may drive the resourceful to
these botanicals more than today. - It is not feasible to eradicate these botanicals
from U.S. territory - The Internet will drive an ever wider
dissemination of information on these botanicals
to those seeking this information
57References