States of Consciousness Chapter 6

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States ofConsciousnessChapter 6
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Hypnosis

• A social interaction in which one person (the
  hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that
  certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or
  behaviors will spontaneously occur.

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Hypnos Greek god of sleep
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Facts and Falsehood

• Those who practice hypnosis agree that its power
  resides in the subjects openness to suggestion.

Can anyone experience hypnosis?
Yes, to some extent.
Can hypnosis enhance recall of forgotten events?
No.
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Facts and Falsehood
No.
Can hypnosis force people to act against their
will?
Can hypnosis be therapeutic?
Yes. Self-suggestion can heal too.
Yes. Lamaze can do that too.
Can hypnosis alleviate pain?
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Explaining the Hypnotized State

• Social Influence Theory Hypnotic subjects may
  simply be imaginative actors playing a social
  role.
• Divided Consciousness Theory Hypnosis is a
  special state of dissociated (divided)
  consciousness (Hilgard, 1986, 1992).

Courtesy of News and Publications Service,
Stanford University
(Hilgard, 1992)
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Theories of hypnosis
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• Social Influence Theories
• Effects of hypnosis result from interaction
  between social influence of the hypnotist and the
  beliefs and expectations of the subject.
• Can explain alien abduction and past-life
  regression

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Theories of hypnosis
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• Dissociation theories
• Hypnosis is a split in consciousness in which one
  part of the mind operates independently of
  consciousness
• During hypnosis, dissociation occurs between an
  executive control system (probably in the frontal
  lobes) and other systems of thinking and acting.

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Both Theories
Mimi Forsyth
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Drugs and Consciousness

• Psychoactive Drug A chemical substance that
  alters perceptions and mood (affects
  consciousness).

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Dependence Addiction

• Continued use of a psychoactive drug produces
  tolerance. With repeated exposure to a drug, the
  drugs effect lessens. Thus it takes greater
  quantities to get the desired effect.

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Misconceptions About Addiction
Addiction is a craving for a chemical substance,
despite its adverse consequences (physical
psychological).

• Addictive drugs quickly corrupt.
• Addiction cannot be overcome voluntarily.
• Addiction is no different than repetitive
  pleasure-seeking behaviors.

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Psychoactive Drugs

• Psychoactive drugs are divided into three groups.

• Depressants
• Stimulants
• Hallucinogens

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Depressants

• Depressants are drugs that reduce neural activity
  and slow body functions. They include

• Alcohol
• Barbiturates
• Opiates

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Depressants

• Alcohol affects motor skills, judgment, and
  memoryand increases aggressiveness while
  reducing self awareness.

• It slows down the sympathetic nervous system
• Suppresses the frontal lobe activity
• In large amount, stops breathing and heartbeat

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Depressants

• 2. Barbiturates Drugs that depress the activity
  of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety
  but impairing memory and judgment. Nembutal,
  Seconal, and Amytal are some examples.

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Depressants

• Opiates Opium and its derivatives (morphine and
  heroin) depress neural activity, temporarily
  lessening pain and anxiety. They are highly
  addictive.
• Brain stops releasing endorphines -gt Death by
  overdose

http//opioids.com/timeline
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Stimulants

• Stimulants are drugs that excite neural activity
  and speed up body functions. They stimulate
  autonomic functions, and neurotransmitters.

• Caffeine
• Nicotine
• Cocaine
• Ecstasy
• Amphetamines
• Methamphetamines

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Caffeine Nicotine

• Caffeine and nicotine increase heart and
  breathing rates and other autonomic functions to
  provide energy.

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http//www.tech-res-intl.com
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Why Do People Smoke?

• People smoke because it is socially rewarding.
• Smoking is also a result of genetic factors.

Russel Einhorn/ The Gamma Liason Network
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Why Do People Smoke?

• Nicotine takes away unpleasant cravings (negative
  reinforcement) by triggering epinephrine,
  norepinephrine, dopamine, and endorphins.
• Nicotine itself is rewarding (positive
  reinforcement).

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• Nicotine kills nearly 5 million of 1.3 billion
  smokers, worldwide
• Smoking delivers its hit of nicotine within 7
  seconds.

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Cocaine

• Cocaine induces immediate euphoria followed by a
  crash. Crack, a form of cocaine, can be smoked.
  Other forms of cocaine can be sniffed or injected.

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Ecstasy

• Ecstasy or Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)
  is a stimulant and mild hallucinogen.
• It produces a euphoric high and can damage
  serotonin-producing neurons, which results in a
  permanent deflation of mood and impairment of
  memory.
• It interferes with circadian rhythms
• It has dehydrating effect

Greg Smith/ AP Photos
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Hallucinogens

• Hallucinogens are psychedelic (mind-manifesting)
  drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory
  images in the absence of sensory input.

Ronald K. Siegel
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Hallucinogens

• LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) powerful
  hallucinogenic drug that is also known as acid.
• It creates perceptual hallucinations

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Hemp Plant
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• THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) is the major
  active ingredient in marijuana (hemp plant) that
  triggers a variety of effects, including mild
  hallucinations.
• Impair motor coordination and perceptual tasks
  and decreases reaction time
• Research shows there is a possibility that our
  brain produces THC like molecule that reduces
  pain

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Drugs
Summary
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Influences on Drug Use
The graph below shows the percentage of US high-
school seniors reporting their use of alcohol,
marijuana, and cocaine from the 70s to the late
90s.
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Influences on Drug Use
The use of drugs is based on biological,
psychological, and social-cultural influences.
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Marijuana Use
The use of marijuana in teenagers is directly
related to the perceived risk involved with the
drug.
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Influence for Drug Prevention and Treatment

• Education about the long-term costs
• Efforts to boost peoples self-esteem and purpose
• Attempts to modify peer associations and teaching
  refusal skills

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