Citations and bibliographies

1
Citations and bibliographies
Learning Resource Centre Information Skills
tutorial
2
Before you begin

• This presentation is intended to be a basic guide
  only
• Please check your Schools policy on referencing
  you should find this in your Student handbook
• Or consult your tutor

3
Why reference?

• to support an argument or claim you are making
• to acknowledge other peoples ideas or work
• to show evidence of the breadth and depth of your
  own reading
• to avoid being accused of plagiarism

4
Citations

• referring to other peoples work in your own work
  is known as citing
• a list is given at the end of your work, of all
  the items you refer to
• the citations should contain sufficient
  information for someone else to be able to trace
  the item

5
Citations

• keep a careful record of all the items you read
  as you read them
• take the details from the title page or reverse,
  not the front cover
• if you keep the list on a computer you can keep
  it in alphabetical order
• this is known as a bibliography

6
Reference lists v bibliographies

• a reference list is a list of all the items you
  have mentioned in your essay or work - in
  alphabetical order
• a bibliography is a complete list of all the
  above PLUS everything you have read around the
  subject that has helped you to write your essay
  or work

7
Bibliographies

• use the Harvard referencing system!
• links on Google
• www.google.com enter Harvard referencing and
  click UK only

8
Books single author

• McCavity, Phil (1980) Dentistry today. London,
  Association of Dentists.

9
Books two authors

• Bull, J and M Gate (1989) Breeding dairy cows.
  London, United Farming Press.

10
Books 3 or more authors

• Builder, Bob, et al (1993) Construction
  practice. London, Town House Publications.
• et al means and others in Latin
• your tutor may prefer you to list ALL the authors
  instead check first

11
Corporate authors

• Put the name of the organisation as the author
• Institute of Waste Management (1995) Ways to
  improve recycling. Northampton, Institute of
  Waste Management.

12
Books - editors

• Beanstalk, Jack (ed.) (1986) Success with
  vegetables. Oxford, Giant Co.

13
2 authors from the same year

• Put the titles in alphabetical order and call the
  references a, b, c, etc.
• Brett, P. (2002a) Bench joinery. Cheltenham,
  Stanley Thornes.
• Brett, P. (2002b) Site carpentry and joinery
  level 2. Cheltenham, Stanley Thornes.

14
A chapter/article within a book

• Ewbank, R (1999) Animal welfare, in Management
  and welfare of farm animals. 4th ed,
  Wheathampstead, Universities Federation for
  Animal Welfare, p.1-15.
• for page numbers, use p.25, pp.94-191 or 94-191
  or ,94-191

15
Journal articles

• put the title of the article in quotes
• put the name of the Journal in italics
• Shaw, Philip (2005) Estimating local extinction
  rates over successive time-frames, Biological
  Conservation, 121 (2), 281-7.

16
Newspaper articles

• same as journal articles
• but if there is no author (e.g. a short news
  item) use the Newspaper name as a corporate
  author
• Guardian, The (2005) Guardian appeal tops
  1.5m. The Guardian. 19 January 2005, p.2.

17
A thesis or dissertation

• similar to a book reference -
• Brown, Michael (1980) The problems of making and
  maintaining a medieval style garden today. M.A.
  Thesis, Birkbeck.

18
Reports

• similar to a book reference
• Curry, Donald (2002) Farming and food A
  sustainable future Report of the policy
  commission on the future of food and farming.
  London, Cabinet Office.

19
British Standards

• British Standards Institute (1984) Nursery stock
  Part 4 Specification for forest trees.
  BS3936-4. London BSI.

20
Government publication

• Similar to a corporate author reference
• Department for Environment, Food and Rural
  Affairs (2004) Improving lamb survival. London,
  DEFRA.

21
CD-ROM

• The Keyskill Company (1999) Vetlogic The
  skeletal system. CD ROM Stroud, The Keyskill
  Company.

22
WWW document

• Dogbreedinfo.com (1998-2005) English Foxhound.
  Online Available from http//www.dogbreedinfo.co
  m/englishfoxhound.htm Accessed 27 January 2005.

23
Other types of material...

• legislation
• Patents
• unpublished material (grey literature)
• electronic material
• videos, films
• e-journals.
• etc etc

24
References and citations within your work

• White and Gilbert say Using a detailed soil
  strategy is an essential part of the habitat
  creation planning process (White and Gilbert,
  2003, p.55).
• OR White and Gilbert (2003) point out that a
  soil strategy is a necessary part of planning.
• Use 3 dots for a word/part of a word within a
  direct quote to show where you are missing out
  sections/words of the quote (4 dots . If the
  omission includes a full stop).

25
Citing references to resources you have not
actually seen

• state in your text that Colin Smith (Gibbs and
  Carroll, 1978, p.7) says .
• put the Gibbs and Carroll book and page
  number(s) in your bibliography

26
If you cant find the details

• author not given anon
• no place (sine loco) s.l.
• no publisher (sine nomine) s.n.
• no date n.d.
• not known n.k.

27
With thanks to..

• Learning Resources Services, UCN (2003)
  Referencing guide questions and answers - the
  Harvard system. University of Northampton.
  http//library.northampton.ac.uk/subjects/subject.
  php?sid28pid1 Accessed 8 December 2006.
• The Library, University of Sheffield (2000)
  Writing a bibliography. Online Available from
  www.shef.ac.uk/library/libdocs/hsl-dvc1.pdf
  Accessed 2 September 2005.

28

• Thank you!
• Learning Resource Centre
• Information Services