Marine Animals

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Chapter 15

• Marine Animals

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Marine Animals

• Terms to Know
• Plankton lives floating in the water
• Nekton - lives swimming in the water
• Benthic - lives on the bottom of the ocean
• Sessile lives attached to a surface permanently

Sessile
Benthic
Nekton
Plankton
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Animal Symmetry

• Animals are often grouped are classifies
  according to the geometric symmetry of their
  bodies.
• Bilateral symmetry body can be divided in half
  by a single plane. The halves on each side of the
  plane are a near mirror image.
• Radial symmetry body parts are arranged around a
  central axis. Body can be split like a pizza into
  identical parts.

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Classification of Living Things

• Kingdom Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista,
  Bacteria
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• ?Species

Human Classification Kingdom Animalia Phylum
Chordates Class Mammalia Order Primates Family
Hominidae Genus Homo Species sapiens
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Invertebrates

• Soft-bodied organisms without a backbone
• Major phyla in order of increasing complexity
• Porifera
• Cnidaria
• Worms
• Mollusca
• Arthropoda
• Echinodermata

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Phylum Porifera Hole Bearing

• Most primitive animals
• Sessile (doesnt move) and benthic (lives on the
  bottom)
• Almost all are marine
• no true tissues, no organs
• Depend on currents for feeding and sexual
  reproduction.
• No digestive, circulatory, respiratory, or
  nervous system
• Examples sponges

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• video

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Phylum Cnidaria Nettle

• Contain stinging cells nematocysts
• Used to stun prey
• Radially symmetrical (can be divided like a
  pizza and are equal)
• Size range microscopic to 20m (60 feet!)
• Carnivorous stun prey and use tentacles to move
  it to mouth

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• Two forms polyp and medusa
• Polyp sessile, mouth and tentacles face up
• Medusa plankton, mouth and tentacles face down
• Simple digestive and nervous systems
• No circulatory, respiratory, and excretory system
  
• Examples corals, anemones, jellyfish, hydra

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• video

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Worms

• Bilaterally symmetrical two equal halves
• Possess digestive and nervous systems (small
  brain)
• Well formed tissues and organs
• Three phyla
• Platyhelminthes
• Nematoda
• Annelida

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• Phylum Platyhelminthes flat worms
• Predators and scavengers some are parasites
• Smaller than 3cm
• Lack excretory, circulatory, and respiratory
  systems
• reproduce asexually and sexually individuals
  have both testes and ovaries.
• Ex flukes, tapeworms, marine flatworms

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• Phylum Nematoda round worms
• Complete digestive system (mouth and anus)
• Reproduce sexually distinct male and female
  forms
• Present in almost all types of environments
• Most are microscopic
• Some parasitic, w/o a host are not
• Ex. hookworms
• Phylum Annelida ring worms
• Bodies divided into segments
• Each segment can have its own circulatory,
  respiratory, excretory, nervous, muscular and
  reproductive system
• Ex. Earthworms, leeches, marine tubeworms and
  polychaetes

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Phylum Mollusca soft bodied

• Have an external or internal shell
• Bilaterally symmetrical
• Well-developed nervous systems
• Flow-through digestive tract
• Ex. Clams, chitons, squid, octopus, snails

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• Phylum Mollusca Three main classes
• Gastropoda stomach foot
• Snails, conch, abalone
• 1 External shell
• Bivalvia two door
• Clams, oysters, scallops
• 2 External shells
• Cephalopoda head foot
• Squid, octopus
• Internal shell

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• Video

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Phylum Echinodermata hedgehog skin

• All are marine
• Radially symmetrical based on five
• Larvae are bilaterally symmetric
• Lack eyes or brains
• Calcified endoskeleton covered by skin
• Water vascular system
• Reduced nervous and circulatory system (no brain,
  no heart)
• Reproduce sexually
• Slow moving
• Benthic
• Regeneration of limbs, organs, or spines

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• Four familiar classes
• Asteroidea sea stars
• Ophiuroidea brittle stars
• Echinoidea sea urchins, sand dollars
• Holothuroidea sea cucumbers

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• Video
• http//www.scivee.tv/node/2754

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Phylum Arthropoda joint foot

• Contain a strong exoskeleton
• Striated muscle (quick movement)
• Articulation can bend appendages
• Classes crustacea (sea), insecta (land)
• Examples
• Lobster, crabs, krill, shrimp, crayfish,
  amphipods, barnacles, copepods
• Largest phyla

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Crustations
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Phylum Chordata

• Chordates back cord
• All possess a nerve cord along the back (ours
  spinal cord)
• Vertebrates possess a backbone
• One invertebrate group tunicates or sea squirts
• Major groups
• Fishes Reptilia
• Amphibia Aves - Birds
• Mammalia

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Is Fishes a Real Word?

• YES!
• Fishes referring to more than one species of
  fish
• Example tuna and bass 2 fishes
• Fish referring to more than one of the same
  species
• Example tuna and tuna 2 fish

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Fishes Three Groups

• Class Agnatha
• jawless fish
• Hagfish and lampreys
• Class Chondrichthyes
• cartilaginous fish
• Skeleton made of cartilage
• Skates, rays, and sharks
• Class Osteichthyes
• bony fish
• Skeleton made of bone
• Majority of fish

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Fish Hiding Techniques To see and not be seen

• Excellent eyesight
• Well developed hearing
• Lateral Line organ along body of fish to detect
  vibrations
• Coloration
• Camouflage
• Countershading

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Fish Basic Terms and Parts

• Relative terms
• Dorsal refers to anything on the back
• Ventral refers to anything on the underside
• Fins
• Pectoral on side of fish
• Anal rear of ventral side of fish
• Pelvic toward front of ventral side
• Dorsal on the back of the fish
• Caudal tail

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• Mouth
• Bony fish usually have a terminal mouth (front of
  the face)
• Cartilaginous fish usually have a ventral mouth
  (under the face)
• Mouth shape is particular to diet
• Gills
• Along side of head, for breathing
• Extract dissolved oxygen from water

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http//www.starfish.govt.nz/science/facts/fact-fis
h-chars.htm
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Class AmphibiaMarine Amphibians?

• Ex of amphibians frogs, salamanders
• Require water to remove waste
• Salt water will cause them to dehydrate
• b/c water will flow out of instead of into their
  skin
• Therefore, none are marine
• Some Asian frogs can tolerate high salinities for
  a period of time
• So the answer is NO

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Class Reptilia

• Representatives in the ocean turtles, snakes,
  lizards, and crocodiles
• Ectothermic (cold-blooded)
• Breathe air with lungs
• Covered in scales
• Salt glands to excrete salt
• Most live in tropics to stay warm

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• Sea Turtles
• 8 species
• All endangered
• Green sea turtle most abundant
• Marine crocodiles
• Live in mangrove swamps and reefs
• Hunt in packs
• Very aggressive
• Grow up to 2000 lbs and almost 23 ft long

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Class Aves Birds

• Endothermic (warm blooded)
• Thin, hollow bones
• Lightweight beak instead of teeth
• Salt excreting glands
• Generally avoid land, unless breeding

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• Four groups
• Tubenoses (albatrosses, petrels)
• Pelicans
• Gulls
• penguins

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Class Mammalia breast

• All mammals feed their young with milk
• Three orders of marine mammals
• Cetacea porpoises, dolphins, whales
• Carnivora seals, sea lions, walruses, sea otters
• Sirenia manatees, dugongs

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• Evolved from land mammals
• Streamline bodies
• Endothermic
• Modified respiratory system
• Osmotic adaptions
• Skin impermeable to water
• No salt removal glands

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Class Mammalia Order Cetacea whales

• Size range 1.8m 33m up to 100,000kg
• Forelimbs used for steering
• Tail horizontal for propulsion
• Thick layer of blubber
• Insulation
• Buoyancy
• Nostrils on top of head (blow hole)

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• Suborder Odontoceti (Toothed whales)
• Use teeth to catch prey
• Search using echolocation
• Ex orca, dolphins
• Largest sperm whale
• Suborder Mysticeti (Baleen whales)
• Have no teeth
• Use a baleen to filter
• out food (sort of like
• brushes or bristles)
• Eat krill
• Ex humpback whales, blue whale

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Class Mammalia Order Carnivora flesh devouring

• Suborder Pinnipedia (wing foot)
• Seals, sea lions, and walruses
• Leave the ocean to mate and raise young
• Suborder Fissipedia (split foot)
• Sea otters, polar bears (also dogs and cats,
  although theyre not marine)

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Class Mammalia Order Sirenia Mermaid

• Only herbivorous marine mammals
• Graze on sea grass, marine algae, and marsh
  plants
• Slow moving, lethargic, small brains
• Manatee, dugong