The Kingdom ANIMALS

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The Kingdom ANIMALS

• Eukaryotic cells
• Multicellular
• Heterotrophic by ingestion

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Classification Tools for Animals

• 1. Body Symmetry
• 2. Level of Body Organization
• 3. Body CavitiesPresence of a Coelom
• 4. Embryological Development Protostome vs
  Deterostome
• 5. Segmentation / Cephalization
• 6. Presence of a Notochord
• 7. Presence of a Vertebral Column

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1. Body Symmetry

• A. Asymmetry
• B. Radial Symmetry
• C. Bilateral Symmetry
• D. (Pentaradial symmetry Echninoderms)

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a. Asymmetry No symmetry at all!

• Example Porifera
• Sea Sponges and Corals

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Porifera
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Radial Symmetry

• Example Cnidaria

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Cnidaria and Radial Symmetry

• Cnidaria actually go through a developmental
  stage of bilateral symmetry before they develop
  their radial symmetry as an adult.

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Sea Anemone
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Crown Jellyfish
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Soft Coral Polyps
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Bilateral Symmetry Candy striped Annelid
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Blue Spotted Sting Ray
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Marine Flatworm
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African Elephants
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2. Levels of Organization

• A. Cellular no true tissues
• B. Tissues
• C. Organ

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a. Cellular Level of Organization

• Porifera are really just an assemblage of
  different specialized cells. They have no tissues
  or organs

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b. Tissue Level of Organization

• Cnidaria have two tissue layers surrounding its
  sac body plan. They do not have any organs or
  organ systems

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c. Organ Level of Organization

• Platyhelminthes (flatworms) are the first
  animals on the phylogenetic tree that have
  simple organs. They have very primitive brains
  in their heads-called cephalization

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Platyhelminthes (flatworms)- have simple organs
and exhibit simple cephalization
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Organ System Level of Organization

• As we move up the evolutionary tree, organ
  systems become increasingly more complicated

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Body Cavities

• A. Sac body plan
• B. tube-within-a-tube body plan
• - Acoelomates
• - Pseudocoelomates
• - Coelomates

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a. Sac Body Plan only one opening for food to
enter and wastes to exit

• Porifera (sponges)
• Cnidaria (jellyfish)
• Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

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b. Tube-Within-A-Tube Body Plan

• Implies that there is an entrance (mouth) for
  nutrients and an exit (anus) for wastes
• Most primitive animal with this plan
• Nematodes

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Acoelomates, Pseudocoelomates, and Coelomates
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AcoelomatesAnimals without a Coelom

• There is no internal body cavity aside from the
  digestive cavity

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Pseudocoelomates Animals with an internal body
cavity that is partially lined with mesoderm
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Coelomates Animals with a true Coelom

• A true coelom is an internal body cavity that is
  completely lined with mesoderm

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4. Embryo Development Protostome vs. Deuterostome
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5. Segmentation Annelids, Arthropods and
Chordates

• Repetition of body parts along the length of the
  body
• Leads to specialization of parts because various
  segments can become differentiated for specific
  purposes

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Segmentation

• - easily seen in the Arthropods

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6. Presence of a Notochord

• A notochord is a supporting rod that runs down
  the dorsal surface, just below the nerve cord.
  Animals that have a notochord are called
  chordates.

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Vertebrate vs Invertebrate.
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Animal Reproduction

• 1. hermphrodites produce BOTH sperm and eggs in
  the same body (often at different times!)

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External Fertilization
vs Internal Fertilization
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a. Invertebrate Chordates Tunicates

• most animals that have notochords also have
  vertebrate. However, there are 2 groups that do
  not.
• Those animals that do not have vertebrate are
  called the INVERTEBRATE CHORDATES

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a. Invertebrate Chordates Lancelets
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Vertebrates Chordates with a backbone