Phylogeny

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• Phylogeny
• Systematics Hypothesis
• Cladistics
• Derived character
• Cladogram
• Dichotomous Key

• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
• Common name
• Scientific
• name
• Binomial
• nomenclature

• Classification
• Taxonomy
• Aristotle
• Linnaeus
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class

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Diversity of Life

• There are over 2.5 million identified species
• Some biologists believe there may be 20 million
  more that have not been discovered
• How can you possibly keep track of all of these?

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Why do we need to classify?

• Imagine a store..how do you know where to find
  the milk or the cereal? Are they in the same
  aisle? How is the store organized? Are all
  stores similar?
• Imagine your computer or mp3 player..are all of
  your songs and files in a single folder or do you
  have them grouped in some way?

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When you have a lot of information, it is best to
organize and group items so that you can find
them easier or easily see their relationship to
other items .this is why we CLASSIFY
Even websites must  organize their products
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Scientists also need a way to NAME organisms

• The common names used by people  can sometimes
  be misleading or confusing
• In order to communicate effectively, biologists
  need a CONSISTENT naming protocol.
• Check out these slides of confusing names..

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Photo Credits Sea Lion Bill Lim Ant Lion
AmphioxusLion law_keven
Sea Lion? Antlion? Lion?
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Which one of these is NOT actually a bear?
Photo Credits Panda Chi King Koala
Belgianchocolate Black Bear SparkyLeigh
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Consider this..

• Are all Grey Wolves gray?
• Are all Black Bears black?
• Which is more venomous a water moccasin or a
  cottonmouth?

Grey wolves can be white, black and any shade of
gray. Black bears can also be brown or gray A
cottonmouth and a water moccasin are the same
animal the names vary by region.
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Devil Cat
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Ghost Cat
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Mountain Lion
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Screaming Cat
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Puma
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Florida Panther
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Cougar
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• There are at least 50 common names for
• the animal shown on the previous 7 slides.
• Common names vary according to region.
• Soooothis is why we use a scientific name?

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Linnaeus to the Rescue!

• Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist, developed a system
  for naming organisms
• Binomial Nomenclature is a system that gives each
  organism a two part scientific name
• For Example Red Maple Acer rubrum
• Example Felis concolor or F. concolor
• Which is the genus? The species?

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Classifying Organisms

• Once Linnaeus had come up with a system for
  naming organisms he started to group them
• Organisms were put into groups based on similar
  characteristics
• These groups are called Taxa and the science of
  naming and grouping is called Taxonomy

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7 Layer Classification System

• Taxonomy uses a system of 7 levels of taxa
• The organisms in each Taxon become more closely
  related as you move down the ladder
• The Taxons in order of most general to most
  specific are Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order,
  Family, Genus Species

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Kingdoms are divided into groups called
phyla Phyla are subdivided into
classes Classes are subdivided into
orders Orders are subdivided into
families Families are divided
into genera Genera contain
closely related species Species is unique

Categories within Kingdoms
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Grizzly bear
Black bear
Giant panda
Red fox
Abert squirrel
Coral snake
Sea star
KINGDOM Animalia
PHYLUM Chordata
CLASS Mammalia
ORDER Carnivora
FAMILY Ursidae
GENUS Ursus
SPECIES Ursus arctos
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Understand how to identify which species are more
closely related.
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Humans
The scientific name is always the genus
species Humans Homo sapiens
Photo by atomicshark
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Check for Understanding on your paper
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Check for Understanding
A diagram that shows an evolutionary relationship
is a ________________________ A characteristic
that appears only in recent members is called a
________________ character The study of
evolutionary relationships is called
__________________________ A system to find the
name of an unknown organism is a
_______________________ key
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Three Domain System    

• Recently, scientists have added a group above
  Kingdom.  Three groups, called DOMAINS, contain
  each of the six kingdoms.
• Domain Eukarya - includes organisms composed of
  eukaryotic cells (plants, animals, fungi,
  protists)
• Domain Bacteria - includes all prokaryotic cells,
  Kingdom Eubacteria
• Domain Archaea - includes only "ancient"
  bacteria, Archaebacteria lives in extreme
  conditions

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3 Domain System
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The Kingdoms

• There are currently 6 kingdoms all organisms
  can be placed into one of those 6.
• Classification into a kingdom is based on certain
  criteria
• Number of cells unicellular / multicellular
• How it obtains energy autotroph / heterotroph
• Type of cell prokaryote / eukaryote
• Cell Wall makeup no / yes (chitin, cellulose,
  peptidoglycan)

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Autotrophs capture the light energy from
sunlight and convert it to chemical energy they
use for food.
Terms to remember

• Heterotrophs must get energy by eating
• autotrophs or other heterotrophs.
• Decomposers, aka saprobes, are heterotrophs
• that recycle dead organisms by breaking them
• down.

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Kingdom Animalia
Photo by Tambako the Jaguar

• Multicellular
• Heterotrophic (must consume food)
• Eukaryotic (cells have a nucleus)
• Examples birds, insects, worms, mammals,
  reptiles, humans

Photo by Eduardo Amorim
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Kingdom Plantae

• Multicellular
• Autotrophic (can make own food photosynthesis)
• Eukaryotic (cells have nucleus)
• Cellulose Cell Wall

Photo by hira3
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Kingdom Fungae

• Multicellular (most)
• Heterotrophic (mainly decomposers)
• Eukaryotic
• Chitin Cell Wall

Photos by nutmeg66
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Kingdom Protista

• Most are unicellular
• Can be hetertrophic or autotrophic
• Most live in the water
• Eukaryotes (all have nucleus)
• Examples Ameba, paramecium, euglena, algae
• Most live in water

Photo of Ameba by PROYECTO AGUA / WATER
PROJECT
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Kingdom EuBacteria ArcheaBacteria

• Unicellular
• Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic
• Prokaryotes (do not have a nucleus)

Eubacteria common bacteria (E. coli,
Salmonella) Archaebacteria ancient bacteria,
exist in extreme environments
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Kingdoms and Domains
Classification of Living Things
DOMAIN KINGDOM CELL TYPE CELL
STRUCTURES NUMBER OF CELLS MODE OF
NUTRITION EXAMPLES
Bacteria Eubacteria Prokaryote Cell walls with
peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph or
heterotroph Streptococcus, Escherichia coli
Archaea Archaebacteria Prokaryote Cell walls
without peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph
or heterotroph Methanogens, halophiles
Protista Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose in
some some have chloroplasts Most unicellular
some colonial some multicellular Autotroph or
heterotroph Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds,
giant kelp
Fungi Eukaryote Cell walls of
chitin Most multicellular some
unicellular Heterotroph Mushrooms, yeasts
Plantae Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose
chloroplasts Multicellular Autotroph Mos
ses, ferns, flowering plants
Animalia Eukaryote No cell walls or
chloroplasts Multicellular Heterotroph
Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals
Eukarya
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Eukaryotic Cell
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Prokaryotic Cell
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1. Has green colored body ......go to 2 Has
purple colored body ..... go to 4 2. Has 4 legs
.....go to 3 Has 8 legs .......... Deerus
octagis 3. Has a tail ........ Deerus pestis
Does not have a tail ..... Deerus magnus 4. Has
a pointy hump ...... Deerus humpisDoes not have
a pointy hump.....go to 5 5. Has ears
.........Deerus purplinis Does not have ears
......Deerus deafus
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Practice Questions
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Practice Questions

• Knowledge of which of these
• is most important in
• classifying this new organism
• into a kingdom?
• F The color of light absorbed by the organism
• G The type of radiation emitted
• H The use of photosynthesis
• J The color of the organism

Characteristics of a Newly Discovered Organism Absorbs blue light Emits infrared radiation Contains RNA in nucleus Appears as a red organism in full daylight Can obtain nutrition through photosynthesis
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Practice Questions

• Knowledge of which of these
• is most important in
• classifying this new organism
• into a kingdom?
• F The color of light absorbed by the organism
• G The type of radiation emitted
• H The use of photosynthesis
• J The color of the organism

Characteristics of a Newly Discovered Organism Absorbs blue light Emits infrared radiation Contains RNA in nucleus Appears as a red organism in full daylight Can obtain nutrition through photosynthesis
Key phrase
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Practice Questions

• Knowledge of which of these
• is most important in
• classifying this new organism
• into a kingdom?
• F The color of light absorbed by the organism
• G The type of radiation emitted
• H The use of photosynthesis
• J The color of the organism

Characteristics of a Newly Discovered Organism Absorbs blue light Emits infrared radiation Contains RNA in nucleus Appears as a red organism in full daylight Can obtain nutrition through photosynthesis
Strategy Think about ways biologist classify
info How they get energy, cell structure, etc.
Key phrase
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Practice Questions

• Knowledge of which of these
• is most important in
• classifying this new organism
• into a kingdom?
• F The color of light absorbed by the organism
• G The type of radiation emitted
• H The use of photosynthesis
• J The color of the organism

Characteristics of a Newly Discovered Organism Absorbs blue light Emits infrared radiation Contains RNA in nucleus Appears as a red organism in full daylight Can obtain nutrition through photosynthesis
Taxonomy uses characteristics of the organism,
such as how the organism obtains energy, in
classifying.