Title: TOWARDS AN INTEGRATED
1- TOWARDS AN INTEGRATED
- SYSTEM OF TOURISM STATISTICS
- Keynote Address
- IBGE Second National Meeting
- of Producers and Users of Social Economical
- and Territorial Information
- Prepared by
- Scott M. Meis, UNWTO Consultant
- Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- 25 August, 2006
2Introduction
- Thank you
- Eduardo, for the invitation
- Roberto, for the hospitality advice
- Neiva, for the help
- Pepe a mentor, I keep following in his
footstepswith this topics as with others! - Initial challenge intimidating!
- Realization Statistics systems development and
integration have been the focus of my whole
career!
3Overview
- Focus
- Identify, specify explain the case for, and
concepts, of a System of Tourism Statistics
(STS), and - An Integrated system (ISTS)
- Purpose
- Specify the meaning and significance of
integration for STS - Objectives
- Demonstrate contributions of TSA to ISTS
- Identify the benefits of ISTS
4Overview
- Rationale
- Key Concepts
- Information/data Needs
- Users Uses
- Data Sources
- Organizing the Data TSA Role
- Illustrative Examples
- Management, Collaboration Coordination
- Conclusions
5Rationale Why Systems of Tourism Statistics
Research?
WHAT ARE THE TOOLS?
JUSTIFICATIONS FOR STATE TOURISM INTERVENTION
Social integration
New Growth theory
Welfare economics
Transaction costs
- Assumptions
- Pereto efficiency
- Perfect competition
- Market failure
- Approaches
- Correct market failure by
- external effects
- production of public
- goods
- information deficits
- Assumptions
- Growth endogenous
- to economic systems
- Approaches
- Strengthening human
- resources by education
- training
- Strengthening research
- development
- Assumptions
- High transaction
- costs for tourism SMEs
- Resulting supply shortages
- Approaches
- Reduction of
- transaction costs
- Collaborative promotion
- Uncertainty reduction
- Assumptions
- Travel promotes
- interpersonal growth,
- knowledge
- understanding
- Approaches
- Support domestic
- travel of youth
- Support cultural
- education potential
- of 2 way international
- travel
Source Adapted from Smeral Prilisauer, 2005
6JUSTIFICATIONS FOR STATE TOURISM INTERVENTION
Rationale Why State Systems of Tourism
Statistics Research?
- Tourism promotion/development provides
- Stimulating effects of tourism marketing
- e.g. evidence of minor positive elasticities
of relating - to foreign tourism demand
- Above average high value added effects
- High general employment growth effects
- Relative locational security (i.e.comparative
advantage) - A significant factor in some economies, ensuring
peoples livelihood and means of subsistence - --especially SMEs in rural areas
Source Smeral, 2006
7CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF TOURISM
Rationale What is Tourism Anyway?
- A social domain a particular human activity
- Defined as a demand-side phenomenon
- Temporary mobility of people from usual place of
residence to temporary destinations - Particular subset of travelers called visitors
- An amalgam of industries providing commodities
and services directly to the visitor - Related expenditures create economic significance
- Localization of impacts
- A field of study
- A collection of knowledge
Source Adapted from NTFTD, 1989
8Rationale What is Tourism Anyway?
DEFINITION SCOPE OF TOURISM DEMAND
- WTO and UN definitions (developed at Ottawa
Conference on Tourism Statistics, Canada
(1991)) - the activities of persons traveling to and
staying in places outside their usual environment
for no more than one consecutive year for
leisure, business and other purposes - Includes
- Day trips (excursions) plus tourist trips (1
nights) - Travel to visit friends relatives
- Travel for business
- Travel for personal reason (education LT 1yr,
religious health) - Excludes
- Commuting to/from work
- Study or job relocation
- Diplomats or armed forces on assignment
Source Adapted from WTO, 1993
9FORMS OF TOURISM
Rationale What is Tourism Anyway?
- Inbound tourism non-residences visiting a given
country/state (exports) - Outbound tourism residence visiting in another
country/state (imports) - Domestic tourism residence visiting within their
own country/state - Internal tourism domestic inbound
- National tourism domestic outbound
- International tourism inbound outbound
Source Adapted from NTFTD, 1989
10Rationale How much is that?
230 MILLION TRIPS 7 X CANADIAN POPULATION (30
MILLION)
- Total tourism
- 233.5 million person-trips (2004)
- 127.3 million tourist person-trips (2004)
- Domestic tourism
- 88.7 million overnight person-trips
- 86.4 million same day
- Outbound tourism
- US 13.8 million person-trips
- Overseas 5.7 million person-trips
- Inbound Tourism
- US15.0 million overnight person-trips19.6
million same day - Overseas 4.1 million overnight person-trips
0.2 million same day
Tourist 1nights Not comparable with
2001
11Previous (Pre-1989)Views of Tourism Data
- NO measures of the core economic phenomena
- Tourism consumption
- Tourism products
- Tourism industries
- NO credible measures of the economic role and
significance of tourism in the national economy - NO core source of data on articulation of tourism
markets industries - NO overview the whole of tourism
- A dispersed and disorganized collection of
information fragments - The whole is less than the sum of its parts
Martin Wilke,1985 - NO system at all!
Source NTFTD, 1989
12 What is the System of Tourism Statistics?
SYSTEM OF TOURISM STATISTICS (STS)
- 1st reference --Tourism Satellite Account (TSA)
Recommended Methodological Framework (1993) - Introduction beyond being a new statistical
instrument, the TSA must be analyzed as a as a
building process to guide countries in the
development of their own system of tourism
statistics, the main objective being the
completion of the TSA, which could be viewed as
the synthesis of the system. - That part of the National Statistical System
whose aim is to provide the user with reliable,
consistent and appropriate statistical
information on the socio-economic structure and
developments of the tourism phenomenon and which
can, in turn be integrated with all the other
economic and social statistics at different
territorial levels (state, infra-state, and
international). -
Source Massieu, 2001
13Concepts TS History
TOURISM STATISTICS OTHER SYSTEMATIC SEMINAL
REFERENCES
- Definition of international tourist for
statistical purposes, Council of the League of
Nations, 1937 - Revised definition of international tourist and
concept of international visitor,
International Union of Travel Organizations,
1950, 1953 - Recommended definition for the terms visitor,
tourist and excursionist, IUOTO, 1963 - Provisional Guidelines on Statistics for
International Tourism, United Nations
Statistical Commission, 1976 - Le compte satellte du tourisme presentation des
cadres comtables et de la premiere estimations de
la defense interieure de tourisme, Ministere du
Commerce, de l Artisanat ed du Tourisme, 1979 - Determination of the importance of tourism as an
economic activity within the framework of the
national accounting system, WTO , 1983 - Le Compte Satellite du Tourisme, CREDOC, INSEE
, 1983 - Tourism and Economics the Inclusion of Tourism
in Standard Economic Statistics, OECD, 1984
14Concepts TS History
TOURISM STATISTICS OTHER SYSTEMATIC
REFERENCES (Contd.)
- Towards A Tourism Research and Statistics
System, Gordon Taylor, Tourism Canada, 1984 - Tourism Statistics Program, Shaila Nijhowne,
Statistics Canada, 1985 - Working Paper 2 Current Data Bases, Stephen
Smith, NTFTD, Statistics Canada, 1985 - Working Paper 3 A Satellite Account for
Tourism, Claude Simard Janet Swinamer, NTFD,
Statistics Canada, 1985 - Working Paper 5 Characterizing Tourism Demand
Standard Definitions and Classification, Peter
Fairchild, NTFD, Statistics Canada, 1985 - Working Paper 6 A Report on the Prospects for
Establishing Local Area Tourism Data Bases in
Canada, Frank Hart, NTFD, Statistics Canada,
1985 - Working Paper 4 A Proposed Integrated Framework
for the Demand-side Tourism Data Collection in
Canada, Brent Ritchie, NTFD, Statistics Canada,
1985 - National Task Force on Tourism Data Final
Report, Statistics Canada, 1989
15Concepts TS History
TOURISM STATISTICS OTHER SYSTEMATIC
REFERENCES (Contd.)
- A Proposal for a Tourism Satelite Account and
Information System for Tourism, Jocelyn
Lapierre, Stewart Wells, Kishori Lal, Kathleen
Campbell John Joisce, 1991 - WTO-UN Recommendations on Tourism Statistics ,
UN- WTO-OECD, 1993 - Technical Manual 2 The Collection of Tourism
Expenditure Statistics WTO, 1995 - System of Statistical Indicators for Analysing
the Economy of Tourism (SINTUR) Progrramme of
work for the period 1998-2000, Working Document
No. 5, Instituto de Estudios Turisticos, 1997 - A Satellite Account for Tourism (4th Draft),
WTO, 1998 - A Tourism Satellite Account for OECD Countries
(Draft), OECD, 1998A Research and Development
Program for Improved Tourism Industry Decision
Making Technical Paper, Canadian Tourism
Commission, 1999 - Les Comptes Satellites du Tourisme Une
proposition de lOrganization mondiale du
tourisme pour integrer lanalyze du tourisme dans
le cadre de la Cmpatabilite Nationale, Marion
Libreros, 2000
16Concepts STS Scope
STS SCOPE AND COVERAGE
- A series of statistical functions relating to
tourism including - Organization and legal structure of the
institutional units - that produce tourism statistics (mostly
public but some significant private and micro
levels) - Administrative mechanisms and (legally)
established links between these and a central
unit (if one exists) - Statutory and non-statutory nature of certain
statistical sources and administrative controls
which generate information that is liable to used
for statistical purposes, (border controls, sales
taxes, registers) - Human and material resources assigned to tasks in
these producing units -
Source Massieu, 2001
17Concepts STS Structure
STS STRUCTURE
- Elements
- To fulfill its aims (and as subset of the NSS)
STS must include - Statistical Sources Travel surveys, household
resident surveys, business data, systemic
syntheses (IO, BOP, SNA), administrative data,
etc. - Methodological references Concepts,
classifications, methods and procedures - Instrumental means available Collection,
storage, dissemination and application of the
obtained data - Data bases of detailed final results, micro-data
files, summary results - Publications (paper electronic information
products) - Analytical applications and transformations
impact models, econometric forecasts, etc.
Source Adapted from Massieu, 2001
18Concepts STS Structure
STS STRUCTURE (Contd.)
- Focus
- Marketing aspects of tourism
- Social aspects of tourism
- Economic aspect of tourism
- Financial aspects of tourism
- Operating aspects of tourism
- Environmental aspects of tourism
- Legal aspects of tourism
- Political aspects of tourism
- Others
Source Adapted from Massieu, 2001
19Concepts STS
STS FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
- Reconciliation
- Controlling ensuring that a particular process
meets its assigned purpose and user requirements - Controlling consistency/harmonization of
statistical information systems at
state/,infra-state and international levels - Coordination Balancing tourism
statistical/research programmes in terms of
ongoing activities, projects and financial and
human resources - Integration Controlling ensuring the
connection and assembly of the different
statistical products
Source Adapted from Massieu, 2001 and Quevedo,
1990
20Concepts Integration
INTEGRATION ELEMENTS
- Instrumental Elements National and international
tourism concepts, definitions, classifications,
and standards for tourism - Integrated Statistical Information Systems
- Tourism Satellite Account Information Systems
- Tourism Marketing Research Information Systems
- Systems of National Accounts
- Socio-demographic Information Systems
Source Adapted from Massieu, 2001 and Quevedo,
1990
21Concepts Integration
INTEGRATION SIGNIFICANCE
- Level of integrated system development a function
of number, type and complexity of functions - Integrated systems require consistency, rigour in
preparation of basic tourism statistics - Integrated systems provide the conceptual
framework required to designte instrumental
elements concepts, defintions, classifications
standars - Integrated systems provided the key leverage
point for statistical work in all areas
Source Adapted from Massieu, 2001 and Quevedo,
1990
22What kinds of data relate to tourism?
- Overall general need to improve knowledge of
- tourism reality
- Specific purposes
- Aid improved public private decision
- industry related decision making relating to
- Advocacy, planning and public awareness
- Marketing
- Investment, operations and management
- Manpower, education and training
- Facilitate international comparisons for
- regulatory and other policy, planning and
- management purposes
- To facilitate pure and applied research
Source Adapted from Massieu, 2001 and NTFD, 1989
23What kinds of data relate to tourism?
- National macro level data to establish the
economic - and social significance of tourism
- Macro regional data as well to assess and assist
- regional development policies
- National data relating to specific policy
developments, eg. - taxes, exchange rate fluctuations on tourism
business - National data relating to sector industry
strategic plans - Micro data on specific market places
operations of - firms
- Local data on the strength of attractions and
local - tourism activities at specific destinations
-
-
-
Source NTFTD, 1989
24What kinds of data relate to tourism?
- DATA TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
-
- Credibility, reliability and validity in
representing - claimed aspects of tourism reality
- Timeliness and relevance if intended to aid
decision - making
- Produced on a regular basis
- Consistent comparable over time, between
regions - regions, with other fields of economic
social activity - (i.e. concepts, definitions, classifications,
units of analysis, - reference populations)
-
-
-
Source Adapted from NTFTD, 1989 and Massieu, 2001
25What kinds of data relate to tourism?
- DATA TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS (Contd.)
-
- Sufficient breadth and depth of subject matter
to meet - most decision-makers requirements
- Internally consistent with recognized economic
socal - frameworks
- Accessibility, transparency and affordability
- Associated communications and education
- Objective and scientific (i.e. reproducible)
- Minimal duplication
-
-
-
Source Adapted from NTFTD, 1989 and Massieu, 2001
26 What tourism data sources are there?
- Multiple, diverse sources Canada found 275
different - Majority in public sector central statistics
agencies - with national international or regional scope
- Primarily individual resident and visitor
surveys - Also business surveys of operating
characteristics - of tourism sector firms (both public
private) - Provincial/state exit surveys specialized
surveys - of events attractions
-
-
-
Source NTFTD, 1989
27What tourism data sources are there?
- Administrative data (both public private)
- Micro data on specific market places
operations of - firms
- Local data on the strength of attractions and
local - tourism activities at specific destinations
- Private sector micro data of operating
characteristics - firms, establishments, branches, products,
market - segments
-
-
-
Source NTFTD, 1989
28TSA Defines Scope of Tourism Industry
- TSA defines the scope of the tourism sector
(industries) to include the direct supply of
goods and services to facilitate business,
pleasure and leisure activities away from the
home environment - TSA defines the core supply-side facets of
tourism - Tourism expenditures
- Tourism products
- Tourism industries
- Tourism demand
- Tourism GDP
- Tourism Employment
- Tourism enterprises
- TSA provides credible aggregate measures of the
role and significance of tourism in the national
economy in terms of total demand, Tourism GDP and
employment - TSA provides a core source of data on the
articulation of tourism industries with markets - TSA provides tourism interests with a self-view
Source NTFTD, 1989
29The TSA Integration
- TSA CONTRIBUTIONS TO
- INTEGRATING TOURISM STATISTICS
- A conceptual framework
- An information system linking source and
derivative databases - A source of consistency
- A tool for reconciliation
- A tool for comparisons
- A tool for coordination and collaboration
- A template for discovery
Source Adapted from NTFTD, 1989
30TSA Data Integration
Link to SNA/I-O
Source NTFTD, 1989
31CTSA Data Organization
Multi-layered Vision
Source NTFTD, 1989
32TSA Information System Vision
Transportation Surveys
Input Output System
Survey of Household Spending
Accommodation Survey
System of National Accounts
Canadian Travel Survey
Food and Beverage Survey
Canadian Tourism Satellite Account
Recreation Surveys
International Travel Survey
3 Demand Surveys
Travel Arrangement Services Survey
Govt. Support
Planning Analysis
13 Supply Surveys
Source NTFTD, 1989
33Data Organization Demand-Supply Link
Linkage Between Commodities Industries
- Demand is estimated for groups of goods and
- services (commodities)
- GDP and employment, however, must be calculated
- by industry
- Supply can be calculated either for groups of
commodities - or by industry/sub-industry categories,
establishing the - link between demand and GDP
- The link is a demand/supply ratio for each
- commodity
- This ratio is then applied to each industry
category - to calculate GDP and employment in the
industry space
Source NTFTD, 1989
34TSA Integration 1 Way Reconciliation
Canadian Tourism Satellite Account
All Other Areas of System of National Accounts
Tax information
Other Information Such as Manufacturing
data International Trade data
Reconciliation Process
Labour Force Survey
Input Output System
Business information Such as Profits, capital
investment, revenues, expenses
System of National Accounts
Supply Surveys
Survey of Employment, Payroll and Hours
Demand Surveys
35TSA Integration 1 Way Reconciliation
Balance supply demand
- Commodities expenditures VS
- industry revenues
- Tourism demand VS supply by
- commodity
- Tourism inputs VS outputs by
- industry
- Gross outputs VS all inputs
- Iterative interactive process
36ILLUSTRATIONS
STS-TSA Integration Examples
- Comparable Key Aggregates
- Comparable Detailed Aggregates
- Economic Impact Models
- Economic Indicators
- Characteristics of the Industry
- Government Revenues
- Forecasts
- Media analysis templates
37STS-TSA Key Aggregate Comparisons
VIEW OF MAJOR EXPENDITURE FLOWS
2000 Change 2000/1998
Tourism Spending 53.7 B 17
Foreign Spending (Exports) 17.8 B 15
Canadian Spending 35.3 B 18
Canadian Spending Abroad (Imports) 21.0 B 18
Travel Account Deficit 3.1 B 0.0
38STS-TSA Key Aggregate Comparisons
TOURISM GDP SHARES WITHIN SECTOR
- Tourism GDP 20.4 Billion (2000)
- Air transportation most value added
39TSS-TSA Key Aggregate Comparisons-PTTSA 1996
40STS-TSA Key Aggregate Comparisons
41TSS-TSA Cross Market Comparisons
42Sectoral Linkages Extra-sectoral purchases
1994 External Inputs to Canadian Tourism Sector
Selected Industries
Selected Commodity Purchases
43STS-TSA Seasonal Comparisons Total Demand
44 Long Term Trends Cycles (1986 Q1 to 2001 Q2)
45STS-TSA Detailed Quarterly Comparisons
Total Tourism Spending in Canada by
KeyCommodities 2nd Quarter 2001
46Structural Linkages Business Characteristics
Distribution of Tourism Businesses by Industry
and Size
Food and beverage service (92) 57
99.0 Recreation and entertainment (85,96) 19
99.0 Accommodation (91) 12
97.6 Transportation (45) 6
98.9 Travel services (96) 5
99.5 Other 1 ---
47Government Revenue Comparisons
TOTAL 15.4 Billion (1999) Adjusted 30
/100
48Media Content Analysis Media Content Analysis
49Latest Integrative Innovation A Canadian Tourism
Industry Industrial Outlook
- Resulting supply-side forecasts are provided
quarterly for a five-year period following from
the current year. - Combines information from the preceding
instruments and analysis to assess the current
and future profitability of the Canadian tourism
sector. - New economic model has been developed
specifically to forecast profitability within the
various key industry components.
50ISTS Collaborative Organization
Multi-lateral Technical Partnership
- Statistics Canada Canadian Tourism Commission
- 20 Other partners
- Objective independent statistics agency
- Industry champion, leadership, resources, uses
- Shared goals and objectives
- Interdependence
- Regular meetings, fora working group
- Leadership, flexibility firmness
- Mutual respect understanding
51Key Requirements of Integrated STS
- Collaborative organization platform, leadership
- vision
- Consistent standard concepts
- Harmonized definitions and measures of
- key aggregates
- Common integrating conceptual and data framework
- Tightly integrated Core Account data bases
- Loosely integrated feeder data bases and
derivative - data bases
- Independent quality and separate integrity of
- linked data sources
52Conclusions
- Canada has an integrated System of Tourism
Statistics - The TSA is the integrating instrument
- Defines tourism products/services
- Defines tourism industries
- Developed credible consistent measures
- Consistent (broadly) with international
standards - Reveals total economic effects
- Comparability with total economy
- Comparability with other industries
- Reveals structural linkages
- Tracks tourism trends and performance
- Enables industry forecasting future scenarios
53Thank you for your attention! Are there any
questions? smeis_at_ogers.com