Chapter one

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??? ????? Chapter one Basic ophthalmology
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• ??? ??????
• anatomy of eyeball
• ?.?? The globe (eyeball)
• ????????????16mm.
• 3???23mm.
• ???24mm.
• anterior and posterior distance of normal eyeball
  is 16mm in born. At age 3 23mm, at adult 24mm

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(?)   ??? Eyecoat

• 1.       ?? The outer coat
• 1/6 ?? Cornea
• 5/6 ?? Sclera

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(1)?? Cornea

• ??
• The transverse diameter 11.5-12mm
• ???
• The vertical diameter 10.5-11mm

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• ???????
• The radius of convex curvature in front 7.8mm
• ???????
• The radius of convex curvature in back 6.8mm
• ???????
• The central thickness 0.5-0.55mm
• ???????
• The periphery thickness1mm

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?????

• ?????? Epithelium
• ????? Bowmans membrane
• ???? Stroma
• ????? Descemets membrane
• ?????? Endothelium

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(2)?? Sclera?????

• ????? The episclera
• ?????? The scleral stroma
• ????? The lamina fascia

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• ???? Limbus
• ??? Anterior chamber angle

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2.?? The middle coat

• ??? Uvea
• ??? Tunica pigmentosa

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(1)?? Iris

• ??
• ???? Stroma
• ?????? Pigment epithelial layer
• ?? Pupil ??2.5-4mm

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(2) ??? Ciliary body

• ??? Pars plicata ?1/3
• ??? Cliary processes
• ?????? Pars plana ?2/3
• ??? Ora serrata

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(3) ??? Choroid

• ??
• ???? Large vascular layer
• ???? Middle vascular layer
• ????? Capillary layer

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3.?? Inner layer ??? Retina

• ??? Fovea ?? Macula lutea
• ???? Foveola?????Fovea centralis
• ?? Optic disc ??? Optic papilla
• ????? Optic cup

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?????

• ??
• ????????
• Retinal pigment epithelium, RPE

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?? ????????

• ?   ????????(???????)
• Cone and
  rod layer
• ?    ??? External limiting
  membrane
• ?    ??? Outer nuclear layer
• ?    ???? Outer plaxiform
• ?    ??? Inner nuclear layer
• ?    ???? Inner plexiform layer
• ?    ?????? Ganglion cell layer
• ?    ????? Nerve fiber layer
• ?    ??? Limiting membrane

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(?)   ???? Contents of the eye

• 1.  ?? Aqueous humor
• ?? Anterior chamber
• ?? Posterior chamber

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2. ??? Lens
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3. ??? Vitreous body
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1. ?? Visual pathway

• ????????????????????????????????????????????
• retinal photoreceptor?bipolar cell?nervous
  ganglion cells?optic disk?optic nerve?optic
  chasm?optic tract?lateral geniculate body?optic
  radiation?visual cortex.

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???????? Orbit and accessory apparatus

• (?) ?? Orbit
• 1.?????????
• Optic foramen and
  canal
• 2.??? Superior orbital fissure
• 3.??? Inferior orbital fissure
• 4.????(??)
• The supraorbital notch
  

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(?)?? Eye lids

• 1 ??? The skin
• 2 ????? Subcutaneous
• 3 ?? Muscular layer
• 4 ??? Layer of the tarsal plate
• 5 ??? The conjunctival layer

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(?) ?? Conjunctiva

• 1 ??? Palpebral conjunctiva
• 2 ??? Bulbar conjunctiva
• 3???? Fornical conjunctiva

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(?)?? Lacrimal apparatus

• 1?? Lacrimal gland
• 2?? Lacrimal passages
• (1)??? Lacrimal puncta
• (2)??? Lacrimal canaliculi
• (3)?? Lacrimal sac
• (4)??? Nasolacrimal duct

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(?) ??? Extraocular muscles

• 4??? Rectus
• ??? superior recti muscles
• ??? inferior recti muscles
• ??? medial recti muscles
• ??? external recti muscles
• 2??? Oblique muscle
• ??? superior oblique muscles
• ??? Inferior oblique muscles

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???? Visual pathway

• (?)??? Optic nerve
• (1)??? Intraocular
• (2)??? Intraorbital
• (3)??? Intracanalicular
• (4)??? Intracranial
• (?)??? Optic chiasm
• (?)?? Optic tract
• (?)????? Lateral geniculate body
• (?)??? Optic radiation
• (?)??? Visual cortex

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2. ????? Pathway of papillary reflex

• ??? Light reflex
• ????? Direct reflex
• ????? Indirect reflex
• ??? Near reflex

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?????????????? Blood circulation and innervation
of the globe

• (?)???? Blood circulation
• ?? Artery
• ?????????
• the central retinal vascular system
• ??????
• the ciliary vascular system

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• 1.?????????
• The central retinal vascular system
• ???????
• Central retinal artery, CRA

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2. ?????? the ciliary vascular system

• (1)??????
• Short posterior ciliary artery
• (2)??????
• Long posterior ciliary artery
• (3)?????
• Anterior ciliary artery

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?? Vein

• 1. ???????
• Central retinal vein CRV
• 2. ??? Vortex vein
• 3. ????? Anterior ciliar vein

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(?)?? Nerve

• 1????? Ciliary ganglion
• 2????? Nasociliary nerve

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• ???????
• Optic pathway and pupillary reflex

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1.????? Pathway of pupillary reflex

• ??? Light reflex
• ????? direct reflex
• ????? indirect reflex
• ??? Near reflex

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2. ?? Visual pathway

• ????????????????????????????????????????????
• retinal photoreceptor?bipolar cell?nervous
  ganglion cells?optic disk?optic nerve?optic
  chasm?optic tract?lateral geniculate body?optic
  radiation?visual cortex.

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