A Call For Change

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A Call For Change Progressivism

• Progressivism movement that attempted to change
  society politically socially.
• Anti-Monopoly
• Monopolies had too much power
• Government needs to be involved
• Who were the Progressives?
• It was an urban movement led by social workers,
  newspaper reporters, teachers, professionals, and
  business people.
• Urban version of populism

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Progressive Amendments

1. 16th Amendment- Federal Income Tax
2. 17th Amendment- election of senators by the
   people
3. 18th Amendment- prohibition
4. 19th Amendment- gave women the right to vote

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What did they want?

• wanted reforms for society
• List of threats to society were
• 1) Most of country's wealth in a few hands
• 2) Control of immigrants' votes in cities by
  politicians
• 3) passage of laws improving working
  conditions
• 4) passage of laws ending child labor
• 5) passage of laws improving food industry
• 6) passage of laws improving slum housing
• 7) regulation of the monopolies
• 8) stricter standards of morality
• 9) political reform

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Roosevelt and Muckrakers

• Muckraker- Person who looks for corruption on the
  part of public officials or business and exposes
  it to the public.
• Wrote about corruption in America
• Teddy Roosevelt gave them their name

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Ida Tarbell

• She became best known for The History of the
  Standard Oil Company (1904). Written about how
  Rockefellers oil company put small businesses
  under.

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Upton Sinclair The Jungle

• During the Industrial Revolution in America we
  increased our beef output because of refrigerated
  railcars.
• Initial Goal observe immigrant workers in
  meatpacking industry
• Wanted to show the filth and corruption of the
  meat packing industry.
• He told how dead rats were shoveled into
  sausage-grinding machines.
• How bribed inspectors looked the other way when
  diseased cows were slaughtered for beef, and how
  filth and guts were swept off the floor and
  packaged as "potted ham."

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Advances for Workers

• reform came after industrialization
• Working conditions were harsh there was no
  unemployment insurance, disability pay, or
  retirement pensions.
• Meat Inspection Act- created a federal meat
  inspection program.
• Response to The Jungle
• Women Reform Pre-Civil War- cult of
  domesticity
• Farm Women South and Midwest
• Gender roles stayed the same
• Domestic Workers Northeast
• Poverty causes women to work
• Maids, cooks, servants

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Women Suffrage

• Define the right to vote
• 14th and 15th amendment split women reformers
• Susan B. Anthony
• Opposed amendments
• because they excluded
• Women.
• Suzy Bs

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3. Suffrage for Women

• Women become impatient
• Male immigrants immediately granted citizenship

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E. Womens Rights

1. WWI plays huge role in voting rights for women.
2. 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote.

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• Labor unions tried to improve these things by
  bargaining, striking, or boycotting
• progressive reformers didn't care for labor union
  leaders
• Accomplishments of the progressive reformers
• passage of minimum wage laws for women in 12
  states
• industrial accident insurance in 30 states
• child labor laws in some states

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The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

• sometimes it took tragedy to bring reform
• fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in NY
  City in 1911 is a good example
• resulted in creation of the NY State Factory
  Commission
• it created laws regulating working safety
  conditions, wages, and hours
• became a model of progressive reform for other
  states

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Reforming Society

• - four areas were targeted
• 1) City Life
• garbage collection
• better housing
• improvements in public education
• funding for hospitals to treat tuberculosis
• building of playgrounds
• city planning (city beautiful movement)

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• 2) Moral Reform
• wanted to clean up immoral behavior
• Drinking on Sunday
• called for prohibition manufacture, import
  transportation, export, and sale of alcoholic
  beverages is restricted or illegal.
• led to passage of 18th Amendment (1918)
• censorship of movies

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• 3) Racial Discrimination
• Reformers overlooked the nation's 10 million
  African Americans
• Whites believed they were superior to minorities
• Most minorities were ignored
• Muckrakers continued to expose discrimination
  other racial problems continue

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• NAACP was formed in 1909
• purpose was to protect the rights of African
  Americans
• used the legal system to attack racial oppression
• defended African Americans arrested on
  questionable evidence
• investigated race riots lynchings
• fought for a federal anti-lynching law
• National Urban League
• worked to improve job opportunities housing
• Two black leaders emerged
• Booker T. Washington
• W.E.B. Du Bois

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Booker T. Washington

• Washington advocated blacks accepting their
  inferior social status
• supported vocational training economic
  self-reliance to raise their economic status
• believed political social equality would come
  after economic equality was achieved
• believed Americans should learn to be one as the
  hand but separate as the fingers
• was president of the Tuskegee Institute
• provided agricultural industrial training

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Du Bois

• Advocated fighting for complete equal rights
• was a founder of the NAACP
• wanted to use the legal system to fight achieve
  immediate political, social, economic equality
• was a more militant leader than Washington

• 4) Immigrants
• Tried to help immigrants get out from under the
  control of political bosses

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Progressivism Assignment

1. What was T.R.s Square Deal? Why did Roosevelt
   believe a Square Deal was necessary?
2. Discuss the actions of T.R. during the Coal
   Strike of 1902. How did he facilitate action
   during the strike?
3. Define Progressivism, muckraker, direct
   primary, initiative, referendum, recall,
   suffrage, temperance, prohibition, socialism,
   arbitration, syndicate, income tax. (13 Total)
4. Identify Significance Robert La Follete, Alice
   Paul, Hepburn Act, Upton Sinclair, Payne-Aldrich
   Tariff, Federal Reserve Act, Federal Trade
   Commission, Mann-Elkins Act, William H. Taft,
   Theodore Roosevelt, Childrens Bureau, Newlands
   Reclamation Act, Pure Food and Drug Act, Meat
   Inspection Act, Eugene Debs, NAWSA, Ida Tarbell,
   Jacob Riis. (18 total)

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Government Reform

• Progressives had 2 approaches to removing govt.
  corruption
• 1) give common people a greater voice in govt.
• 2) hire experts to make govt. more efficient
• Reforms in Wisconsin under Robert La Follette
• Initiative bill initiated by the people
• Referendum a vote on the initiative
• Recall Election voters can remove public
  officials w/election
• Laws resulting from progressive ideas
• 16th Amendment graduated personal income tax
• 17th Amendment direct election of U.S. Senators
• 18th Amendment Prohibition

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Government Regulate Business?

• T.R. believed in the free enterprise system
• welcomed the growth of industry
• believed many large businesses made good economic
  sense
• T.R. was called a trust buster
• Opposed only what he considered bad trusts
• Believed trusts limited fair competition by their
  conduct, not size
• Went after Beef, Oil, Tobacco, and Railroad
• 1900 trusts controlled 80 of the industries in
  U.S.

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T.R.s Square Deal

• Square Deal progressive reforms designed to
  protect people from big businesses.
• Based on a strong federal government.
• 1902 Coal Strike 140,000 workers strike
• George Baer refused to meet
• Commission by federal government grants miners
  10 pay increase, shorter days
• Roosevelts actions proved
• Federal govt will intervene
• Disputes could be settled via commission

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Congressional Action

• T.R. read The Jungle
• Remembered that during the Spanish-American War
  hundreds of soldiers died from eating tainted
  meat
• he called for a federal investigation of the
  meatpacking plants
• Meat Inspection Act of 1906 set health
  sanitary standards for all phases of the
  interstate meatpacking industry
• Investigations in other industries found that
  harmful dyes, chemicals, filth were
  contaminating canned goods
• Misleading advertising in the drug industry was
  pointed out
• Pure Food Drug Act in 1906 barred the use of
  harmful additives in foods banned false
  advertisement for drugs

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T.R. The Reformer

• Many demanded stricter regulation of RR's
• Elkins Act RR officials could not give shippers
  rebates for using particular railroads.
• Hepburn Act was passed in 1906 that allowed the
  ICC to block unreasonable freight rates
• Roosevelt and the Environment
• T.R. was involved in the conservation movement
• Recognized U.S. lands being abused by businesses
• As president, he committed the U.S. govt. to
  conservation
• Congress created national parks wildlife
  sanctuaries
• Congress provided for reclamation of damaged
  lands

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• Election of 1908
• Taft became T.R.s successor as president
• Continued T.R.s progressive reforms
• Broke up twice the number of trusts as T.R.
• Appeared too weak toward conservation
• Taft generally was not the politician T.R. was
• 1910- T.R. returned from a safari trip to promote
  his own ideas
• New idea was called New Nationalism
• promoted laws to protect workers, ensure public
  health, regulate business
• 1912- T.R. had decided to run for president again
• Formed his own party called the Progressive Party
  or Bull Moose Party

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• Election of 1912 four major candidates
• Taft (R), T.R. (BM/P), Wilson (D), Debs (S)
• Democrats were nearly guaranteed victory w/ split
  in Republican party
• Wilson promoted reforms New Freedom
• Promoted laws to help small businesses
• Called for a return to an America free from the
  domination of big business and govt.
• Wilson won the election overwhelmingly
• Election was a defeat for the Progressive Party
  but not for reformstill at the top of the
  nation's agenda

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• Wilsons Reforms Based on New Freedom ideas.
  Priorities were banking reform anti-trust
  legislation
• 1. Banking Reform Recession in 1907
• Disagreement about whether banks should be
  controlled by private owners or by the govt.
• Compromise resulted in the Federal Reserve Act of
  1913
• Divided the nation into 12 districts
• A federal reserve bank was in each district
• Local banks owned the federal reserve banks
  deposited a percentage of their money in them
• Federal Reserve Board was created to oversee
  banking nationwide

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• Controlled the banking system by setting interest
  rates on loans made by the fed. reserve banks to
  member banks
• Interest rates could expand the money supply or
  cause it to shrink
• Helped businesses to thrive the economy to grow
• 2. Big Business
• Wilson wanted to further regulate big businesses
• Wanted to primarily limit power of monopolies
• Led to passage of the Clayton Anti-trust Act
  (1914)
• Extension of the Sherman Anti-trust Act
• Stated more clearly what corporations could and
  could not do as legal business practices

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Suffrage for Women

• Women become impatient
• Male immigrants immediately granted citizenship

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1. WWI plays huge role in voting rights for women.
2. Work in factories
3. Taking care of the home
4. Deserve Equality
5. Women are demanding rights.

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The Final Social Frontier

• Women's Suffrage
• The last major reform of the Progressive Movement
  was the
• 19th Amendment (approved in 1919)
• officially gave women the right to vote
  throughout the nation in 1920
• 72 yrs. after the first women's rights
  convention, women had achieved equal rights as
  citizens of the U.S.

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The End of an Era

• 1900--1920, progressives had accomplished much
• Made politics less corrupt more democratic
• Economic justice for all types of workers
• Govt. had turned away from its laissez-faire
  attitude
• Congress built an impressive record of
  legislation
• Women gained the right to vote
• Although gains were made in many areas, all of
  the problems were not totally gone specifically
  racial issues.
• 1917, war in Europe replaced everything else as
  the focus of public life
• Specific Question What role should the U.S.
  play????

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Progressivism EQs 2

1. Explain the significance of the Triangle
   Shirtwaist Fire.
2. Discuss City Reform and Moral Reform during
   Progressivism.
3. Discuss the issue of Labor Reform during
   Progressivism.
4. Define Suffrage. Explain why women such as Susan
   B. Anthony were so upset during Progressivism.
5. In terms of labor, discuss specific reforms that
   were made during Progressivism. Discuss the Meat
   Inspection Act.

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Progressivism EQ 1

1. Define Progressivism. Describe 2 Progressive
   beliefs towards monopolies.
2. List and Describe 4 Progressive Amendments.
3. List 5 threats to society that Progressives were
   concerned with.
4. What is a muckraker? Who gave them their name?
5. Why is Ida Tarbell a well known muckraker?
6. How did the Industrial Revolution impact the
   meatpacking industry?
7. What was the initial goal of The Jungle? Explain
   how that goal changed.

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T.R. Essential Questions

• How did the government under T.R. handle
  corruption issues with the railroads?
• Explain T.R.s response to reading The Jungle.
  Discuss results.
• Explain the role of T.R. in the conservation
  effort.
• What was T.R.s Square Deal? How is he
  considered to be a populist?
• Describe the events of the 1902 Coal Strike. What
  did this event prove about T.R.?
• Discuss why we say that T.R. is considered to be
  the first Modern President?