Political Geography

1
Chapter 8
An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural
Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein

• Political Geography

PPT by Abe Goldman
2
United Nations Members (list p. 250)
UN increased from 51 members in 1945 to 193 in
2014
3

• K-1 Problems in Defining States Develop. of
  State Concept
• A State (country)
• area w/ organized polit. unit
• ruled by establ. govt.
• has defined territory
• handles internal foreign affairs/issues
• defined population
• has sovereignty (independ. from other states
  self-rule)
• -NOT state like USAs states (which are really
  more like provinces)
• -only large land mass on world that is NOT part
  of a state is Antarctica.but parts are claimed
  (some over-lapping) (S-4)

4
FYI Why USA uses states term states

• Note In very beginning, the USA started out to
  be like Europe states in a loose union and
  use the Articles of Confederation instead of the
  Constitution
• But a confederation is too loose to have good
  connection and function, as later the Confederacy
  in the 1860s (Confederate States of America)
  found out
• So they regrouped, re--voted, and came up w/ the
  Constitution, which gave more power to the
  federal (Washington, DC) govt.

5
Antarctica National Claims
Antarctica is the only large landmass that is
not part of a state, but several countries
claim portions of itjust in case it becomes
valuable
6

• Defining states
• Korea 1 or 2 states? controlled by Japan till
  1945 (WWII) then split by US Soviets (38th N.
  parallel)
• (1nation or nationality BUT states)
• --50 N. invaded S. Korean Warboth want
• unificationBUT
• NK wanted Commun., SK wanted Democracy

7

• 5) REVIEW list on p. 250 of 189 sovereign
  states of UN
• Use atlas Relative location OR absolute? Tell
  which it is

8
China (Peoples Republic of China) vs. Taiwan
(Nationalist Chinese)

• China/Taiwan 1 or 2? 1940s Comm. Rebel
  drive
• Nationalists to Taiwanwho said were still
  real govt of Chinacomm. said they were, but
  both said all 1 China
• -1999 Taiwan said is separate stateCom-Chi
  still no
• -US had supported Nationalists, but in 71 said
• recogn. Com-Chi as real govt in the UN (R.
  Nixon)
• --Western Sahara is same type situation

9

• Varying Sizes of states
• Russia is the Largest state
• 17.1 million Sq km/6.6 mil sq mi
• 2nd Canada 3rd China 4th USA
• Microstates smallest Monaco 1.5 sq km/.6 sq
  mi list 251
• Development of State Concept Ancient vs. Modern
  idea
• Ancient idea of states began in Mid-East in
  Fertile Cresc.
• -1st states city-states town surrounding
  countryside for govt defense (like GWD
  city GWD county)
• Then 1 gains power, takes over anotherthen
  became an empire
• EX Succession of empires in Mesopotamia.
• Sumarians..then Assyrians..then
  Babylonians..then Persians
• Not-in-Bk Term!! Sequent Occupance!!
• Then Egyptian Empire in Southern area (3000 BCE-
  4th cent. BCE) at far W. end of Fertile
  Crescent, along the Nile River (for almost 2500
  yrs!) 5000 yrs ago

10
Fertile Crescent Site of early city-states a
succession of
ancient empires.
11
Early European states

• The height of political unity in the ancient
  world was the Roman Empire
• ROME included Europe into Asia Africa from
  Spain to Iran Egypt to England
• -had 38 provinces, all used Roman law, sharing
  the concept of government
• Rome fell in 5th (400s) CE from attacks from
  barbarians also from internal
  problems/disputes

12

• In Europe former Rome-controlled areas began to
  form under dukes, earls, barons, etc. gained
  strength about 1100, began to form larger areas
  that became Fr., Engl., Spain
• -later led to idea of nation-states, (like
  Denmark)
• --Germ. Ital. stayed in pieces did not form
  unified country until 19th century
• Colonies area legally tied to another sov.
  state not independence
• Colonialism technically is taking over
  uninhabited or sparsely inhabited lands

13
European colonialism

• Was based on 3 main reasons (God, gold, glory)
• 1. Missionaries were used to promote
  Christianity
• give justification for taking over (p.
  252) (God)
• 2. Gain resources to help the European
  mother
• country (gold)
• 3. of colonies was related to how powerful
  you were
• (glory)
• Began in 1400s in W. Hemisphere then later in
  Afr. Asia
• Imperialism, or empire building taking
  over widely
• inhabited land by another country (EX
  India)
• Technically, colonies or colonialism refers
  to taking over land not all that widely inhabited
  
• EX much of the New Worldaka the
  Americas

14

• After 1500s UK put together largest empire
• Famous QUOTE
• The sun never sets on British Empire.
• What does this mean?
• With breakaway of USA, British began to lose
  places though they took others in Africa Asia
  after USA formed
• Europe had large areas of colonies there,
  but also
• islands
• Difference between the French British Way of
  controlling colonies
• -France tried to make the colonials French,
  but Brits allowed them to keep more
  diversitytheir old ways

15

• End of Euro. Imperialism
• African Asian colonies broke away after
  WWIIbegan in late 1940s, lots during 1950s
  thru 60s
• (Dates for WWII 1939 1945),
• When U.N. was established in 1945, then were only
  15
• African/Asian countriesnow there are over 105
  (2000)
• Most colonies today are islands in Pacific or
  Caribbean
• Most populous colony today is Puerto Rico (USA)
• Least populous Pitcairn Isl., S. Pacific. The
  pop. there came from British ship The Bountys
  mutineers who settled
• (There is a book movie Mutiny on the
  Bounty
• and no, we wont watch it. ? )

16
Colonial Possessions 1914 By the outbreak of
WWI, European states held colonies thru the
world, espec. in Africa in much of Asia.
17
Colonial Possessions, 2003 (p. 254-5 2000)
Most remaining colonies are small islands in
Pacific or Caribbean
18

• K-2 Why boundaries Cause problems
• Boundaries invisible line marking extent of
  state territory
• Used to be that almost all boundaries were
  frontiers, with few if any inhabitants, but now
  most all land is claimed defined.
• Only Antarctica parts of the Arabian
  Peninsula are now true frontiers
• 2 ways to define (determine) boundaries
• 1) 3 types of Physical features
• rivers seas (water) deserts
  mtns.
• 2) 4 types of Cultural features to determine
• language religion ethnicities
  geometric
• (often latitude longitude lines)
• Both of these can conflict w/ neighbors

19

• After WWI, The Treaty of Versailles states used
  language as the 1 way to determine boundaries
  of new states to adjust borders of existing
  states
• The
• US Mexico
• used
• which 3
• methods
• to
• determine the border?

20

• 5 basic SHAPES of states
• Compact, prorupted, elongated,
  fragmented, perforated
• 1. Compact efficient ideal shaped like
  circleor close
• -good for small 1s b/c communication, esp. if
  capital in center
• 2. Prorupted most compact large projecting
  extens. (often for water)
• --also can do to avoid borders (Afgh. w/
  Russia?)
• 3. Elongated isolation? EX Chile problems
  w/ communic.
• --cap. usually at center, so end, not easily
  accessible to it
• 4. Fragmented broken up by water, other states,
  etc
• --EX Indonesia E/W Pakistan?
• -problems communication, integration of
  pop. also
• sometimes "pieces" didn't come in
  voluntarily
• -EX E. Timorgot indep.('75) Indon.
  invades still fight
• 5. Perforated EX S. Afr. Lesotho in middle,
  surrounded by
• S. Afr.depends on SA for imports/exports by
  ship
• Next slide ID each of the shapes for the
  states shown ?

21
Chile, Poland, Indonesia, S. Africa Can it be
2 ?
22
Italy, France, Thailand, Japan (See the dominant
shape)
23

• Landlocked again, Lesotho (also Uruguay)
  Africa has most of any continent w/ 15/56
  landlocked
• (includes S.Sudan)
• These have no seaports
• Comes from colonial erahad others on coast
  could ship to by rail
• Now its problem for the local economies
• ...When landlocked AND have hostile ethnic
  group(s) in between. sea borders is a Major
  problem for international trade

24
African States
Southern, central, eastern Africa include
states that are compact, elongated,
prorupted, fragmented perforated.
25
NEW African country of South Sudan!Darfur is the
troubled region with examples of genocide/ethnic
cleansing Arabs Africans attacking black
Africans (mainly Christians)
26
India The Tin Bigha Corridor fragmented2
sections of the country of Bangladesh. When it
was leased to Bangladesh, a section of India was
fragmented.
27
India Tin BighaCorridor
28
Frontiers in the Arabian PeninsulaSeveral
states in the Arabian Peninsula are separated by
frontiers rather than precise boundaries.
29
Aozou Strip A Geometric Boundary
The straight boundary between Libya Chad was
drawn by European powers, the strip is the
subject of controversy between the two
countries.
30

• WHY BOUNDARIES CAUSE PROBLEMS (p. 261)
• State w/ many nationalities Cyprus 2
  nationalities
• After WW I, was divided by languages into Greek
  Turk areaswere more Greeks there, but is
  closer to Turkey THEN Britain gained it
• Brit. gave independence In 1960
• Gks/Tur shared govttil 74 when some Gks tried
  to take it for Greece, then Turkey invaded to
  protect for Turks
• The 2 groups used to associate w/ each other
  mingle, but now isolated at ends, w/ bufferzone
  in middle w/ UN soldiers
• (Are called Greek Cypriots Turkish
  Cypriots)
• Turks declared independence, but no one
  recognizes this except them

31
NOTE Greece w/ Turkey Island of Cyprus
32
Division of Cyprus
Division of Cyprus Cyprus has been divided into
Green Turkish portions since 1974. (Kinda
horseshoe crab looking?)
33

• Former USSR countries TODAY

34

• Former USSR WAS the Largest multi-national
  state
• former members now 15 new indep.
  states, in 5 groups
• 1- Baltic States (3-on Baltic Sea) Estonia,
  Latvia, Lithuania
• 2-European (3) Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine (in
  Ukr. some problems w/ Crimean Peninsulas pop.)
• 3-Central Asian (5) Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
  Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
• 4-Caucasus (Cauc. Mtns., Eurasian border--3)
  Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia
• -Azeris pop. 90 of Azerb.but 6 mill.
  live in Iran
• -Armenia Christian enclave historically
  slaughtered by
• Muslim Turks after USSR, became Armenia
  again
• -90 of country Armenians fight w/
  Azeris over border
• lands in which both nationalities
  exist--Georgia more
• diverse than Azer. Arme. problems
• 5-Russia now largest multi-natl. state
  recognize 39 natls.
• -1 of these is Chechnya these Sunni
  Muslims w/
• distinct culture Russ. says if it goes,
  others will also

35

• Notes on enclave exclave (see next slide)
  These are not in your book but have appeared on
  APs
• 1) enclave an area surrounded by an area that
  does not rule (control, ID w/ ) it.
• EXs Vatican City Lesotho Gambia
  (actually a penne-enclave b/c it has a small
  outlet to the sea)
• 2) exclaves parts of a national territory
  separated from the main body of the country
• EXs Alaska Kaliningrad (part of Russia but
  on Baltic Sea) former E. Pakistan, separated
  from W. Pakistan
• --is a kind of fragmentation

36

• Exclaves
• Kalingrad on Baltic
• Old E W Pakistan

37
Enclaves (Gambia
actually a penne

enclave b/c it

opens to the sea)
Lesotho in S. Afr.
38
Eastern Europe satellites (controlled by USSR)
Former USSR (another needed term!!!)
39

• Some have 1 nationality in more than 1 state
  Kurds Sunni Muslims in 1920s became
  nation-state
• -now 25 mill. split among 6 countries Turkey
  (15), Iran (5), Iraq (4), less in Azerbai.
  Armenia, Syria
• --Kurds are a stateless nation
• --Turks dont allow their lang. or culture
  other prob. also
• Pan-Arab Nation 1 nation, many states lang.
  relig. same for about 24 countries Islam
  Arabic
• -main reason split up is Euro. colonialism
  Ottoman rule
• --except for Israel, are well-united, but wealth
  not
• equal b/c some have oil (petroleum), others
  dont
• -p. 267 What happened from 1980-1991 that
• ended unity?

40
Stateless Nations

• Nation Part of which state(s)?
  Region/Location
  
• Scotland
• Tibet
• Kurdistan
• Basque
• Catalonia
• Kashmir
• N. Ireland
• (aka Ulster)
• Palestine
• Western Sahara
• Taiwan
• Greenland
• Sicily
• Maori
• Puerto Rico
• Hawaii

41
Kurdish nation the Pan-Arab
nation
42
Kurdish distribution Label ALL indicate
areas by color
43
(No Transcript)
44
Mid-East(aka__?__Asia)
45
The main trouble spot for the Middle East(SW
Asia)
46

• Unitary vs. Federal Internal organization of
  states
• Unitary state
• Power in hands of 1 central govt.
• -unitary usually best for country w/ single
  nationality, like Europeans
• -but many w/ multi-national use unitary to force
  1 nations culture, lang., etc., onto another
• EX USSR Chinese Comm., to promote communist
  ideas
• Also--several African nations w/ many divided
  ethnicities 1 dominates to hold it all together
• Characteristics that tend to work for Unitary
  system
• --smaller size, good central or accessible
  location for capital (for good communication)
• --nation-states w/ few cultural differences,
  strong national unity (like many of European
  states)

47

• Federal system
• Govt in which a written constitution divides the
  powers of govt between a central (national)
  govt several regional governments, usually
  called states or provinces
• Local units of govt. are stronger than in
  unitary system
• works well for a) larger countries that may b)
  have long distance for some to capital (US,
  Can., India)
• Also when have several nationalities, or c)
  ethnic regions, local control helps keep peace w/
  less influential grps.
• EX Even though small, Belgium is Fed. b/c of
  its 2 nationalities (??)
• --many now moving toward federal from
  unitary, like France Poland
• -Frances change is going fine, but E.
  Europeans, like Poland, tend to have more
  trouble w/ changes

48
Unitary vs. Federal states (countries)
Blue Unitary Green Federal
49

• The Heartland vs. Rimland Theory of
  Geopolitics ?
• Get a few notes on thisnot in bk.
• Basically stated Whoever rules Eastern Europe
  commands the heartland. - Whoever rules the
  heartland commands the World Island (Eurasia and
  Africa) - Whoever rules the World Island
  commands the World.

50
Heartland (H. MacKinder) vs. Rimland (N. Spykman)
Theory of Geopolitical theory Bit of it HAS
shown up on AP!!

• 1904, Halford Mackinder published a theory RE
  political strength in Eurasiaanalyzed the
  strengths weaknesses of the regions
• Concluded the Russian Core areas east of the
  core had potential to become a world power.
• 1919 revised his theory to include E. Europe
  the theory became known as Mackinder's Heartland
  Theory.
• Basically stated - Who rules East Europe
  commands the heartland. - Who rules heartland
  commands the World Island (Eurasia Africa) -
  Who rules the World Island commands the World.
• 1942, Nicholas Spykman countered Mackinder's
  Heartland Theory. Spykman stated that Eurasia's
  Rimland, the coastal areas or buffer zone, is the
  key to controlling the World Island, not the
  heartland.
• Spykman's book, "America's Strategy in World
  Politics" was published during World War II dealt
  w/ political military strength of the USA at
  that time.
• Today we look at the Rimland in terms of its
  economic strength potential, but the book dealt
  w/ primarily military intervention, control
  conquest of the Old World. KNOW BASICS

51
ODD shapesGerrymandering FL GA
Gerrymandering designing borders to maximize
political influence
State legislature boundaries were drawn to
maximize the number of legislators for
Republicans in Florida Democrats in
Georgia.
52
(No Transcript)
53

• K-3 Why States Cooperate w/ each other States
• The UN (p. 274) began '45 w/ 49now has 193
• job peace-keeping, which is a POLITICAL
  aspect
• -- Taiwan only populous w/o membershipTaiwan
  pulled out when China in in 1971
• -recently tried to join as Taiwan or Repub. of
  Ch., but
• Commun. China (Peoples Rep. of Ch.)
• --Switzerland finally joined 2002
• --all countries supposed to contribute military
  support
• UN had rapid growth 3 times
• 1) '55 (16) many former German controlled Euro.
  nations
• 2) '60 (17) most former Euro. colonies
• 3) -'90-93 (26) most former Comm. controlled
  countries
• US tried to start League of Nations (Wilson,
  1919) after WWI, but US would not join
• --then Germany, Italy, Sov. Union, Japan
  pulled out in '30's, League fell apart

54

• Supranationalism
• When 3 or more states join together for the
  common good
• Can be military, econ., political, or cultural
• -------------------------------------------------
  --------------------------------------------------
  --------------------------------------------------
  -
• UN Security Councils original 5 permanent
  members (2 change out, so there are 7 total)
• USA USSR (now Russia) France China
  UK
• These 5 have veto power often used to keep UN
  out of situations they were in
• EX S/N Korea in 50's Soviets walked out
• --often UN tries to keep control over warring
  ethnic groups in places like Somalia, Bosnia
• Tried to be neutral in Bosnia, but couldn't
  b/c of Serbs (Christian stronger) treatment of
  Muslims weaker group

55

• Devolution Sorta the opposite of
  supranationalism
• A country breaking apart b/c of conflicting
  nationalities, etc.
• Exs ????
• Regional military organizations (p. 270)
• B4 Cold War in '40's-70's, there were always
  more than 2 Superpowers but US USSR came out as
  only 2 after WWII b/c others economically hit
  hard
• --2 superpowers joined military alliances to
  keep balance of powerso you were either "for" US
  or for USSR (p. 270)
• -others became allies or satellites, could
  cause trouble

56
Notes on doing BETTER on Reading/Study Guides

• More better notes
• ..on PPTs
• .. from class lectures
• ...from readings
• R/SG from PPTs/lectures get MORE DETAILS
• Can bullet, but EXPLAIN, EXPLAIN, EXPLAIN!!!
• ? HOW and WHY are clues that you
  need MORE!!
• Vocab. counts as part of NOTES
• BTW on grading, (ok) just barely OK
• If there is a MAP, almost for CERTAIN it needs
  to be
• ? illustrated
• ? annotated or SOMEthing!
• NEVER leave a blank mapw/o cking carefully for
  instructions!

57

• Military cooperation in Euro
• Most of Eur. joined NATO after WWII
• --military coop betwn. 16 democratic states
  US, Canada, 14 Europ (Fr. Sp. members but
  contrib. no troops)
• Warsaw Pact 1955, Comm.--7 member coop group
• -68 Czech. leader wanted reforms Warsaw Pact
  invaded
• -NATO to keep USSRs Warsaw P. straight
  vice-versa
• -when USSR busted, less needWarsaw broke up
• -NATO troops reduced some former W-P countries
  join NATO by 97
• OAS 35 states in W. Hemisphere Cuba was
  member, but thrown out in 62 b/c of Castro

58
The European Union NATO
Fig. 8-12 NATO and the European Union have
expanded and accepted new members as the Warsaw
Pact and COMECON have disintegrated.
59
European Boundary Changes
20th century boundary changes in Europe, 1914
to 2003. Germanys boundaries changed after
each world war the collapse of the USSR.
60

• Economic Cooperation (274).
• EU (?) work toward econ. coop w/ Eur countries
  (1958)
• At 1st
• Eur Econ Community,
• Common Mkt.,
• Eur. Commun. began w/ Belgium, Fr., W.Germ.,
  Italy, Luxem., Nether.
• 73 more81 more 86, 95
• What was Benelux????
• 3 EU capital cities
• Strasbourg, Fr Brussels, Belg. Luxembourg
• Now have a European Parlia. at 1st just helped
  w/ problems
• --Now have more free trade among nations
• --Use Euro as money in 11 countries

61

• OTHER supranationalistic econ. organizations
• COMECON (Communist Econ. organization) b4 end
  of USSR, communist countries had COMECON which
  promoted trade among those countries
• AU African Union
• Replaced older Organization for African Unity
  (OAU, 1963) that worked to rid Africa of
  imperialism, apartheid, etc.
• AU now focuses more on economic development in
  African countries

62
DRAW and LABELS.E. ASIA onto BACK of your
video sheet SHADE Malaysia
63

• Shatter belt
• A region caught between stronger colliding
  external cultural-political forces, under
  persistent stress, often fragmented by
  aggressive rivals."Area hit often with outside
  conflicts and stressesIt has also played the
  role of a cold war buffer zone.
• EX Southeast Asia borders the "giants" of
  India and China. One country of the realm,
  Myanmar, borders both. To the east, the island
  State of Indonesia controls the western half of
  the island of New Guinea, yet the whole island is
  included in the pacific realm.
• Another EX Eastern Europe often invaded,
  cultural differences

64
Germany Europe

• German domination of W. Eur?
• --now the most powerful nation in European
  economy
• --has pushed for a stronger, more united Eur.
• This has led many in Eur. to fear Ger. may again
  rise as it did before WW I WWII
• Ger. was not state until 1871
• Frederick the Great began process of uniting in
  1700s
• Then 2nd half of 1800s von Bismarck united many
  of the German speaking people into the German
  Empire
• (lasted less than 50 yrsend of WWI 1919)
• WWII Hitler took German speakingor close
  countries of Austria, Poland, Czech., to make
  true German. nation-state
• Based his early conquests on speakers of the
  German LANGUAGE really being German
• After WWII, split Ger into W E split Berlin to
  4 parts

65
New European Union NationsCzech Republic,
Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta,
Poland, Slovakia Slovenia join the Schengen
area.
66
Germany Divided and Berlin divided Communist
Democratic Govts. East West Germany East
West Berlin
67

• Economic Trading blocs regional groups that
  give preferential treatment to those w/in their
  bloc.
• 3 most important
• 1) Western Hemisphere (NAFTA now CAFTA?)
• NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement
• -Mexico, USA, Canada was Can.
  US,
• then added Mex. became NAFTA
• CAFTA Central Amer. Free Trade Agreement
• 2) Western Eur. European Union
• 3) East Asia Japan leads China, S. Korea,
  some
• w/ N. Korea
• OPEC ? (not really regional) --economic
  organization to protect oil producers
• Oil embargo of 1973-74 led to gas rationing
  long lines in USA
• ----
• ANC ????????????

68

• US
• adjusts to
• Oil
• Embargo
• from
• OPEC
• Could
• take hrs.
• to get
• 5 10
• gallons!

69
OPEC countries voting for the production
increases are colored in green while those
opposing are colored in red.
http//econintersect.com/wordpress/?p10208
70

• K-4 Terrorism Individuals Organizations
• States believed to support terrorism
• Libya Iraq,
• Afghanistan, Iran now Pakistan
• Terrorism
• Systematic use of violence by a group to
  intimidate a population or coerce (force) a
  govt. into granting its demands (govt
  government)
• -1st used in French Revolution Reign of Terror
  (1793-4)
• -most times it refers to groups outside of
  govt.s
• --differs from assassination
• -terrorism is aimed at ordinary people
• --but assassination is aimed at leaders, etc.

71
Terror vs. retaliation Which is it? Us vs.
them??

• Hard to tell at times
• EX w/ Palestinians Jews gets very
  difficult
• Is it terrorismor a response to a wartime
  attack?
• THINK Does it depend on your POV?
• What other groups do they mention?
• Attacks on USA Several in 1990s
• 1 on WTC,
• 1 on USS Cole (US Naval Ship),
• 2 attacks on U.S. African embassies
• But most Americans ignored thesewas hard to get
  U.S. ppl involved concerned

72

• I-D the following in relation to al Quaeda
• Osama bin-Laden leader founder financed
  the beginning
• Afghanistan USSR invaded Afghan. (1979-81)
  Osama went there to help fight them (USA helped
  Afghans w/
• weapons, etc.!!) Taliban took over when
  drove USSR OUT(89)
• --later he went for sanctuary began al
  Quaeda to fight USA b/c on holy land of Arabian
  Peninsula in Gulf War
• Yemen and Somalia terrorists cells active in
  these.
• the base translation of al Quaeda
• Majis al Shura military leadership council
  w/in groups
• Cell a group in a particular region (EX
  Yemen Somalia
• Fatwa religious decree 
• Mujahadeen holy warriors fundamentalist
  Muslim fighters
• Sharia Islamic law
• Infidels Non-believers (non-Muslims)

73

• Amer. Terrorists
• OKC bombing, 1995 Timothy McVeigh said it was
  retaliation against US govt. attacks on Branch
  Davidians in Waco, TX, in 93
• Ruby Ridge patriot group fired on US agents
  went on for days
• --------------------------------------------------
  -------------------------------------------------
• Sept. 11, 2001 WTC destroyed
• Pentagon was hit also
• Al Qaeda did most of the 1990s US attacks
• -bin Laden son of Yemen billionaire ( made in
  Saudi Arabia) spent his inheritance building Al
  Qaeda (the base)
• -1st fought against USSR in Afghanistan b/c of
• Soviet hostility to religions his 1st jihad
  (holy war)

74

• 1996 USA supported Saudi Arabia Israel, so
  bin Laden called for jihad against US
• These are outlaw Islamic groups, actions NOT
  condoned by MAJORITY Muslims, even if they
  disagree w/ many USAs policies
• State sponsored terrorism
• 3 increasing levels of involvement
• 1) providing sanctuary for terrorists wanted by
  other countries
• 2) supplying weapons, , intelligence to
  terrorists
• 3) planning attacks using terrorists
• US Response to 9/11 US accused Afghanistan,
  Iraq, Iran w/ at least 1 of the 3 levels of
  support for terrorism
• --attacked Afghan. in 2001 Iraq in 2003
• Add Pakistan today?

75

• Libya 1980s al-Qaddafi (Kaddafi) paid for
  executions of opponents exiled in Europe (Muamar
  Quadafi)
• 1981 Libyan plane shot at US plane b/c said
  was over Libyan airspace US said international
  .. US shot down
• In Lebanon Libyan bombers blew up Berlin
  nightclub used by US soldiers so US bombed 2
  Libyan cities
• 1988 Pan-Am Flight 103 , over Lockerbie,
  Scotland, downed by Libyan agents
• Afghanistan 1973 Afghan king overthrown by
  military
• 1978replaced by govt friendly to Soviets
• 1979, USSR sent in troops b/c of holy
  warriorsUSSR out in 1989
• 1992, Taliban took over Taliban-led Afgh. was
  attacked
• After 9/11/2001 US hit Taliban b/c it
  sheltered bin Laden Al-Qaeda then ethnic grps
  fought for control
• Taliban is again growing in power w/ Pakistan
  support
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• http//www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0922041.html
  crude oil

76
SW Asian Ethnic Grps. Ethnic boundaries dont
match country boundaries... especially in Iraq,
Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan.
77

• Iraq
• 1st trouble w/ Hussein 1991 Persian Gulf War
  b/c he invaded Kuwait but he stayed til 2003
  
• 2003 US attacked in 2003 remove Saddam, saying
  had WMDs --supported by UK a few others
• Difference 1991 2003 most of UN supported US
  in 91, but not in 2003 US attacked
  unilaterally
• All knew Saddam was a tyrant, but said this
  didnt justify attacks to them ..most didnt
  think WMDs still in Iraq,
• Iraq al-Qaeda ties? NO--Baathists a-Q have
  different views on most things, so most UN
  didnt see a close tie there

78

• Iran 1979 Irans people forced the pro-US
  Shah out
• Militants took over US embassy held them
  hostage for 444 daysUS was very hostile toward
  Iran
• Iraq Iran began fighting each other in 80
  81 over a waterway that flowed into the Persian
  Gulf1.5 mill. died
• US lately has begun saying Iran is urging
  Shiites in Iraq to take over establish
  poweralso nuclear (WMDs) issue
• They now have a more moderate leader so
  hopefully will be more likely to talk and to work
  together again

79

• Other countries US has accused of terrorism or
  aiding terrorism
• Yemen base for al-Qaeda cells sheltered
  terrorists who
• attacked USS Cole
• Sudan once sheltered bin Laden other
  militants
• Syria support for Iranian Libyan terrorists
• North Korea developing nuclear weapons

80
World Trade Center
Ikonos satellite images of the World Trade Center
June 30, 2000, before the attack.
81
Sept. 11 attacks
82
World Trade Center Site 9/15/2001
Ikonos satellite images of the World Trade Center
Sept. 15, 2001, after the attack.
83
Who is represented in the reddish area?
84

• Caucasus Another troubled region

85
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86

• Crude Oil Proven Reserves
• ADD term Proven Reserves Resource that has
  not been extracted, but is known to exist (vs.
  potential reserves)