CELLS

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CELLS
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Cell Theory
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• All know living things are made up of cells
• Cells are the basic unit of structure and
  function in living things
• All cells come from pre-existing cells
• Clip

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Robert Hooke-1665
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• First to see cells.
• First to use the word cells- named for the
  places that monks sleep in monastery
• Built first microscope

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Theodor Schwann
1839 Concluded that all animals are made up of
cells
Matthias Schleiden
1839 Concluded that all plant cells are made up
of cells
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Two basic Types of Cells
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Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
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Prokaryotic Cells
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• DO HAVE
• Cell membrane
• Ribosomes
• DNA

• DO NOT HAVE
• Organelles
• Nucleus

• Are all singled celled organisms.
• Thought of as more ancient life formsthey came
  1st!

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Eukaryotic Cells
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• Have organelles.
• Singled-celled or multicellular organisms!
• 2 Types Plant and Animal

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Basic Cell Structure
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• Cells come in many different shapes and sizes.
• Like bricks in a building, cells make up all
  living things
• Clip

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The Cell Membrane
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• The outside of ALL cells are surrounded by a
  membrane made of phospholipids.
• Nickname The gatekeeper

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Membrane Structure
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• There are proteins stuck in the membrane that
  help get things into and out of the cells.
• They also help to get messages into the cell.

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• The Membrane is a lipid bilayer.

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• How do molecules get into and out of a cell?

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Transport through the membrane
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• Two types
• Passive Transport
• Energy input NOT required
• Active Transport
• Energy input required

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Passive Transport
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Moves material from High Concentration to Low
concentration

• 3 types of Passive Transport
• Diffusion
• Osmosis
• Facilitated Diffusion

Protein
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Diffusion

• Movement of molecules from a place of higher
  concentration to a place of lower concentration
• Always higher to lower!
• No energy input required!

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OsmosisDiffusion of water through a cell membrane
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• Types of solutions The direction in which the
  water moves is determined by the type of
  solution.
• Remember water runs downhill!
• From high concentration to low concentration.

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3 types of Solutions
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What types of solution?
Hypertonic Or Hypotonic
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Facilitated Diffusion Particles moved with the
help of membrane proteins
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Glucose molecules
High Concentration
Protein channel
Cell Membrane bilayer
Low Concentration
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Active Transport
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• Energy is required.
• Need ATP- the universal energy molecule.
• Low to high concentration

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Ways to get molecules into and out of a cell with
active transport
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• Some molecules are too large to get through the
  membrane.
• Website
• Endocytosis
• Into
• Exocytosis
• Out of

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ENDOCYTOSIS
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Inside of the cell
Outside of the cell
Exocytosis
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Cell Structure
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• Cells are composed of a variety of structures
  that help them do their jobs.

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Cell Wall

• Found in Plant, Fungi, and Bacteria Cells
• Provides support and protection
• In plants, the cell wall is made of the
  carbohydrate cellulose.

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Ribosomes
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• Not technically an organelles.
• Nickname protein maker
• They help put the amino acids together to make
  proteins.
• Made of the nucleic Acid-RNA
• website

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The Cytoplasm
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• jelly-like substance
• contains all of the organelles

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Organelles in the Cytoplasm
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• Each organelle has a specific function so that
  the cell can do its job.
• Each organelle has its own job!
• Remember ONLY EUKARYOTIC CELLS HAVE
  ORGANELLES!!!!

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Whats an organelle?
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• Organelle mean tiny organ.
• Organelles function together to help the cell
  carry out all of lifes activities!!

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Nucleus-The Control Center
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• The Brain
• Contains the DNA
• DNA controls which proteins get made-and when!
• Where ribosomes are made

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Nucleus (Continued)

• has a phospholipid bilayer around it
• nuclear pores allow substances to move into and
  out of the nucleus
• DNA NEVER leaves the nucleus

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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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• Membrane system - function protein synthesis
  and transport.
• thought of as a Highway and a place of protein
  synthesis.

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Two types of ER
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• Smooth
• No attached ribosomes
• Rough
• Attached ribosomes

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Golgi Apparatus
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• Nickname UPS
• Packages molecules and sends them to their
  destination.
• Also checks to make sure the molecules are put
  together correctly, if not correct it sends them
  back to the ER.
• Website

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Lets Review
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Vacuoles
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• packages of material that are being stored and
  transported
• Plants usually have one large one
• Animals generally have many small ones.

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Lysosomes
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• Nickname Recycling Center
• Has digestive enzymes that breakdown and recycle
  molecules.

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Chloroplasts
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Site of photosynthesis in plants.
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Cytoskeleton
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• Gives cells their shape.
• Contain proteins microtubules (shape) and
  microfilaments (movement).        

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Mitochondria
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• Nickname Powerhouse
• Site of ATP production
• ATP is the universal energy molecule
• Energy is stored in the bonds of ATP.
• Website

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Plant Cell
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Organelles of the Cell Clip
Animal Cell
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Animal Cell vs. Plant Cell
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Clip
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Levels of Organization
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• Cells make up tissues.
• Tissues make up Organs.
• Organs make up organ systems.