Total War

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The Civil War

• Total War
• Modern War
• A transformation of America
• The second american Revolution

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Push to War

• Secession December 1860
• Lincolns Concern border states
• Strategic location
• Population
• RR and industry
• Crittenden Compromise failed
• Crittenden Resolution
• April 1861 Fort Sumter

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Essential Questions

• What factors determined the outcome of the war?
• What was the impact of the war socially,
  politically, constitutionally and economically?
• Why is it called a rebirth of freedom and the
  second American Reovlution?
• What is the irony of what each side lost in
  defending its respective idea of liberty?

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Prompt

• Foner writes In a war of this kind, the
  effectiveness of political leadership, the
  ability to mobilize economic resources and a
  societys willingness to keep up the fight
  despite setbacks are as crucial to the outcome as
  success or failure in individual battlefields.
  Evaluate the relative effectiveness of each side
  Union and Confederacy in each of the three
  areas Foner mentions. Give specifics to support
  your assessment. 

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Comparison of Belligerents

• Union
• Goals preserve the union - after 1863
  emancipation
• Strategy occupy rebel territory destroy ability
  of rebel army to fight
• Tactic Anaconda Plan
• blockade, control the Mississippi divide, take
  Richmond

• Confederacy
• Goal independence
• Strategy attrition make costly find a foreign
  ally
• Tactic offensive defense (strategic defense)

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Union War Aim
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Overviewofthe NorthsCivil WarStrategy Anaco
ndaPlan
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Anaconda Plan
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Resources
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Finances and Mobilization

• Union
• Tariffs, taxes
• Republican agenda banking, homestead act,
  tariffs
• Citizen soldiers/draft
• Industry RR

• Confederacy
• Inflation paper money
• Citizen soldiers/draft
• Industrial production OK foodstuffs problem

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Leadership

• Lincoln Davis
• Master strategy micromanaged
• Good communicator conflicts w/in
• War leadership problems with
• centralization of
• 
  power - LTD

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Total Warfare

• Role of technology RR rifle
• Defense
• Massive numbers of troops and amounts of materiel
  
• Involvement of civilian population

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Assessment Military

• Confederate Advantage
• Easier task defense
• Shorter supply lines distances
• Long, indented coastline
• Experienced military leadership
• High morale
• Union Advantage
• Population immigrants, African Americans
• Navy

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Assessment Economic

• Confederate Advantage
• Cotton King Cotton diplomacy (allies)
• Confederate Disadvantage
• Food production
• Union Advantage
• Control over banking and capital 70 RR, 65
  farmland
• Strong bureaucracy logistical support

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Assessment Political

• Confederate disadvantage
• States rights philosophy
• Davis internal divisions
• Union Advantage
• Centralized government
• Lincolns leadership
• Political parties

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Confederate hope - attrition

• Cost of the war in terms of and causalities
  would cause the Union to turn against Lincoln ---
  (Atlanta)

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1861-1862 Two Fronts

• East
• First Bull Run July 1861
• Nature the war
• Army of the Potomac McClellan
• Peninsular Campaign
• Monitor v Virginia
• Antietam Sept 1862
• Tactical draw. Strategic defeat
• Permits Emancipation Proc.
• Fredericksburg Dec 1862

• West
• Fts Henry and Donelson-Feb. 1862
• Shiloh April 1862
• Control upper Mississippi
• New Orleans Ap 1862
• Farragut

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Confederate Dead
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Diplomacy

• Support from Br Fr critical for Confederate
  success balance industry, break blockade
• Trent Affair 1861
• Belligerent status from Br Fr
• King Cotton Diplomacy failed

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Process of Emancipation

• Lincoln reluctant to act border states,
  racism, constitution, overturning through
  election
• Confiscation Acts
• 1861 seize enemy property
• 1862 freed slave of those rebelling
• Emancipation Proclamation Jan 1863
• Rebel states only 100 days give up arms keep
  slaves
• 13th Amendment 1865

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Significance

• New war aim abolition
• Further separates Br Fr from supporting the
  Confederacy
• L. reasserts control over party
• L. reasserts control over military commanders
• Accelerated breakdown of slavery - Juneteenth
• African American Troops
• Transforms idea of the New Nation- new birth of
  freedom
• 13th Amendment

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Emancipation in 1863
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Slaves taking Freedom
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African-American Recruiting Poster
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Freed Slaves
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Fort Wagner 54th Mass
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August Saint-Gaudens Memorial to Col. Robert
Gould Shaw
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Turning Points July 2-4,1863

• Gettysburg
• Lees last offensive thrust
• Picketts Charge at Cemetery Ridge
• Morale draft riots

• Vicksburg
• Control over Mississippi
• Confederacy divided
• Grant ----Ls general
• Internal divisions

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Grinding to the end

• March to the Sea 1864
• Atlanta Sept 1864 allowed L. re-election
  no conditional surrender or negotiated peace
• Richmond April 1864
• Appomatox Surrender April 9, 1865

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Shermans March
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Grant and Lee at Appomatox
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Home Front Union

• Economic activism in government
• Boom times for many
• Corruption
• Finance taxes, bonds, Greenbacks
• Dissent
• Discontent and class issues
• Civil Liberties suspension of Habeas Corpus
  Copperheads Ex Parte Milligan and Ex Parte
  Merryman

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Extensive Legislation PassedWithout the South in
Congress

• 1861 Morrill Tariff Act
• 1862 Homestead Act
• 1862 Legal Tender Act
• 1862 Morrill Land Grant Act
• 1862 Emancipation Proclamation
  (1/1/1863)
• 1863 Pacific Railway Act
• 1863 National Bank Act

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Enrollment Act of 1863

• All able-bodied male citizens of the United
  States and persons of foreign birth who have
  declared on oath their intention to become
  citizens between the ages of twenty and
  forty-five, are declared to constitute the
  national forces, and shall be liable to perform
  military duty ..when called out by the President

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NYC Draft Riots
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NYC Riots
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Surgeons Tools
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Letter from a Rioter - 1863

• To the Editor of the New York Times
• You will, no doubt, be hard on us rioters
  tomorrow morning, but that 300 dollar law had
  made us nobodies, vagabonds and cast-outs of
  society, for whom nobody cares when we must go to
  war and be shot down. We are the poor rabble and
  the rich rabble is our enemy by this law.
  Therefore, we will give our enemy battle right
  here and ask no quarter. Although we got hard
  fists and are dirty without, we have soft hearts
  and have clean consciences within and thats the
  reason we love our wives and children more than
  the rich, because we got not much besides them
  and we will not go and leave them at home for to
  starveWhy dont they let the nigger kill the
  slave-driving race and take possession of the
  South, as it belongs to them. A Poor Man

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The 300 exemption

• To the Editor of the New York Times
• You have been trying to vindicate the Draft from
  the charge that it throw the whole burden of the
  war upon the poor. You must know that when one
  hundred men are drawn, if fifty of them can pay
  their 300 they are released and then their
  places must be filled by another draft from among
  the poor. If this is not releasing the rich and
  placing the burdens of the war, exclusively, on
  the poor, I should like to know what it would
  be. A Poor Man

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Copperheads Peace Democrats
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Home Front Confederacy

• Inflation and paper money
• Economic destruction
• Anti draft discontent planter exemption
• Dissent
• Discontent and class tensions
• Proposal to abandon slavery

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Inflation in the South
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Confederate Currency
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Bread Riots
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Prices and Money Supply
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Women

• Increased opportunities on both fronts
• Nursing
• Suffrage

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Soldiers

• Citizen soldiers
• Corrupt camp life/revivals
• More discipline and better food Union
• More individualism Confederacy

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Camp Life
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Nursing
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Andersonville Prison
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Outcome

• Organization principle
• Contingency theory - McPherson
• Strategies and style of warfare

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Impact Constitutional

• Amendments
• 13 abolish slavery
• 14 due process, equal protection of the law,
  citizenship
• 15 suffrage all males
• Nature of the Union people, indivisible ,
  permanent and perpetual
• New birth of freedom reconciles Declaration and
  Constitution federal govt as protector of
  rights

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Impact Political

• Increase in power of federal govt
• Increase in power of the president
• South --- Solid Democrat
• African American Republican
• Corruption Grantism

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Impact Economic

• Tariffs and taxes Morrill Tariff
• Industry and banking grow new industrial era
  National Banking Act
• Western movement Homestead Act
• Modernized the N economy industrial potential
  emerged
• South needs to be totally rebuilt loss of
  wealth

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Impact Social Changing Social Fabric

• Demographic changes high death rates
• Role of women
• Need to incorporate freed slaves what is the
  role of the freedman Douglassthe work does
  not end with the abolition of slavery, it only
  begins.
• End to optimism and reform perfection and hope
  replaces with bitterness and disillusionment
• Psychic Scars social cultural divisions
• Emerson change from transcendent individual
  to celebration of organization govt

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Casualties on Both Sides
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Civil War Casualtiesin Comparison to Other Wars