Human Evolution

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Human Evolution

• Human Evolution

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Make a Table in your Notebook
Species Morphological characteristics Notes
Pan troglodytes Cranium 3-400 cm3 First tooth 3 years old Extant, simple tools,








Dont draw your rows until you finish each species, in case you need more space for some than for others. Dont draw your rows until you finish each species, in case you need more space for some than for others. Dont draw your rows until you finish each species, in case you need more space for some than for others.
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Primates

• Primates evolved from mammals around 60 million
  years ago
• With the exception of humans, live primarily in
  tropical areas
• Subdivided into two main groups, prosimians
  (similar to original primates), and simians (more
  advanced primates)

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Apes
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Pan troglodytes, Pan paniscus, Pan bonobos
(extant)

• Cranial capacity 300 400 cm3
• Knuckle walks and climbs,
• 1st molar tooth 3 years old,
• Uses simple tools
• Longevity 40 years

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The First Simian?
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Primate Family Tree
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Human Phylogeny
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Ardipithecus ramidus (ardi)4.4 mya

• Significant fossil reported in Oct 09
• Cranial Capacity 300-350 cc
• Discovered in the Afar desert in Ethiopia
• Ardi is million years older than Lucy (we will
  meet Lucy later)
• Ardi was likely bipedal (two legs) when on the
  ground

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Australopithecus afarensis3.9 2.9 Ma

• Cranial capacity 380 450 cm3Height 1.07m
• Bipedal (footprints 3.6 Ma old) /climber
• U-shaped dental arcade but reduced canines

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Australopithecus africanus 3 2.25 Ma

• Cranial capacity 500 cm3
• Bipedal, 20 35 kg
• Rounder skull,
• Longevity 40 years maximum
• Lucy is the most famous A. afarensis skeleton
• Named after the Beetles song Lucy in the sky
  with diamonds

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Homo habilis 2.6 -1.4 Ma

• Cranial capacity 600 800 cm3
• Height 1.20 1.35m
• Simple fashioned tools choppers (Oldowan
  culture)

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Homo erectus1.8 to 0.5 Ma

• Cranial capacity 850 1100 cm3
• Use of fire, Height 1.55 to 1.8 m
• Extended childhood. 1st molar at 4.6 years old.
• Greater longevity 52 years
• Speech?
• Improved tools Hand axes (Acheulian culture)

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Homo ergaster1.8-1.3 Ma

• Cranial Capacity 700-800 cm3
• Recognized as the ancestor to other homo species
  (heidelbergensis, neanderthal, sapiens)
• Used more complex tools than habilus

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Homo Ergaster
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Homo heidelbergensis

• Cranial Capacity1100-1400cm3
• Height1.8m (6ft)
• More muscular than modern humans
• Hunters (mammoth lived at the same time)
• May have buried their dead (contested)
• May have had primitive language

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Homo neanderthalensis250 000 to 28 000 a

• Cranial capacity 1400 cm3 (bigger than
  H.sapiens)
• Brow ridge, long low skull, Height 1.67m
• Stocky build
• Improved sophisticated tools sharp flakes
  produced by a single stroke from a core.
  (Mousterian culture) sometimes buried their dead
• Made simple jewellery

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Homo floresiensis

• Cranial Capacity980 cm3
• Height 1.06m (36) -1.37m (46)
• Contested as a species
• May have been H. sapiens suffering from
  microcephaly
• Its rightful place along the homonid lineage is
  still being debated

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Homo denisovans

• Based on a finger bone, toe bone, and tooth
  discovered in Denisova cave (Siberia)
• May have interbred with H. sapiens
• Estimate ?

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Homo sapiens150 000 a to present

• Cranial capacity 1400 cm3 (range 1000 to 2000
  cm3) (18 of the bodys energy consumption for 5
  of body mass)
• Speech, Art, Extensive tool kit including new
  materials (bone, ivory, antler)
• Symbolic thought
• 1st molar tooth 5.9 years old
• Longevity 66 years (with medical advancements,
  this longevity has increased dramatically)

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