Geology: Processes, Hazards, and Soils Chapter 10

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Geology Processes, Hazards, and SoilsChapter
10
Civilization exists by geological consent to
change without notice. Will Durant
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Key Concepts

• Internal geologic processes
• External geologic processes
• Minerals, rocks and the rock cycle
• Earthquakes and volcanoes
• Soil structure and formation
• Soil conservation

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Geologic Processes

• Structure of the Earth

Fig. 10-2 pg 204
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Features of the Crust
Fig. 10-3 p. 205
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Plate Tectonics
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Internal Earth Processes

• Divergent boundaries
• Convergent boundaries
• Subduction zone
• Transform fault
• Ring of Fire

Fig. 10-6 p. 208
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Ring of Fire
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Natural Hazards Earthquakes

• Features
• Magnitude
• Aftershocks
• Primary effects
• Secondary effects

Fig. 10-9, p 210
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Tsunami

• Meulaboh, Indonesia (Before)

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Tsunami

• Meulaboh, Indonesia (After)

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Tsunami

• Banda Aceh, Indonesia (Before)

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Tsunami

• Banda Aceh, Indonesia (After)

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Expected Earthquake Damage
Fig. 10-10, p 211
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Natural Hazards Volcanic Eruptions
Fig. 10-11, p 211
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External Earth Processes

• Erosion
• Mechanical weathering
• Frost wedging
• Chemical weathering

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Minerals and Rocks

• Mineral (diamond, bauxite)
• Igneous (granite, lava rock)
• Sedimentary (limestone, sandstone)
• Metamorphic (marble, slate)

Rock Types
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The Rock Cycle
Heat, Pressure
External Processes
Internal Processes
Heat, Pressure
Igneous Rock Granite, Pumice, Basalt
Magma (Molten Rock)
Refer to Fig. 10-8 p. 210
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Soils Formation

• Soil horizons
• Soil profile
• Humus

Fig. 10-12, p 212
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Soil Properties

• Infiltration
• Leaching
• Texture
• Porosity/
  permeability
• Structure
• pH

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Table 10-1 p. 216
Texture Nutrient Infiltration Water-Holding Aerati
on Tilth Capacity Capacity Clay Good Poor Good
Poor Poor Silt Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium
Sand Poor Good Poor Good Good Loam
Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium
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Soils Erosion

• Sheet erosion
• Rill erosion
• Gully erosion

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Global Soil Erosion
Fig. 10-19, p 218
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Soils Degradation

• Desertification
• Salinization
• Waterlogging

Fig. 10-22, p 221
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Solutions Soil Conservation

• Conventional-tillage
• Conservation tillage
• Cropping methods
• Windbreaks
• Land Classification

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Soil Restoration

• Organic fertilizer
• Animal manure
• Green manure
• Compost
• Crop rotation
• Commercial inorganic fertilizer