The Medieval Synthesis in the Arts

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Chapter 13

• The Medieval Synthesis in the Arts

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• Romanesque
• Architecture

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• The primary impulse for Romanesque architecture
  came from the church.
• Geography The Romanesque center of gravity is in
  Italy and those lands north of the Alps.
• Chronology The Romanesque period extended from
  the Carolingian to the Holy Roman epochs (the 8th
  and 12th centuries).

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• Basic motifs an multistory interior, with a dome
  and round arches set on columns
• Basic form a basilica built with a transept in
  front of the choir

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• The Benedictine abbey of Cluny, Southern France

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• Saint-Sernin, Toulouse, southern France

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Hallmarks of Romanesque

1. Solidity and simplicity of structure
2. A form marked by severity and military
   masculinity

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Norman Romanesque

• The Normans were Vikings who settled in northern
  France in 911, Britain in 1066, and later in
  southern Italy and Sicily.
• The term Norman Romanesque designates the style
  as it developed under French influence, not only
  in France itself, but throughout the area under
  Norman influence.

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Norman Romanesque

• Characteristics the organization of wall
  surfaces, an emphasis on pure ornamentalism, and
  development of the groin vault, in which two
  barrel vaults intersect at right angles.
• All of these developments foreshadow the Gothic.

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• Speyer, Germany (built 1024-1106)

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• The Cathedral of Durham, England (1091-1120)

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• The Compo dei Miracoli in Pisa, Italy (began in
  1063 and took two centuries to complete)

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• Romanesque Sculpture

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• Gothic Architecture

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• The term gothic, derived from the barbarian
  Goths, was originally used to discredit a
  supposedly degenerate architectural style.
• It describes the errors typically found in
  large church and state buildings north of the
  Alps starting around 1300.
• The gothic architecture was widely prevalent in
  the 14th and 15th centuries in Europe.

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Symbolic Meaning

• a shift of intellectual life from the monastery
  to the town

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Characteristics

• Size often large enough to hold the entire
  population of a town
• Height soaring heavenward
• Light stained glass, the illuminated nave

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• Mauvais Cathedral, France (begun 1220)

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Notre Dame, Paris
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Milan
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Salisbury, England
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Salisbury, England
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Flying Buttress

• This device allowed masons to carry as much
  weight as they could away from cathedral walls.
  The higher the walls, the greater the span of the
  buttresses.

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Soaring Spires

• If the French aimed high with the naves of their
  cathedrals, abetted by the flying buttress, the
  English and Germans reached for the sky in the
  guise of spires.

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Tracery

• A pattern wrought by the interweaving or
  branching out of lines in the head of a gothic
  window
• Two periods
• The Decorative naturalistic and flowing, full
  of swoops and curves
• The Perpendicular geometric, refined, and
  mechanical

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• Stained Glass

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• Rose Window

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• Gargoyles

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• The End