The history and distinctions of Conservation Biology ?????

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The history and distinctions of Conservation
Biology?????

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• Japalura_at_hotmail.com

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The history and distinctions of conservation
biology
Dyke, F. V. (2003) Conservation Biology.
McGraw-Hill Inc.

1. The origins and history of conservation and
   conservation biology (?????????????)
2. The conceptual distinctions and distinguishing
   scientific paradigms of conservation biology
   (??????????)
3. The kinds of problems that conservation
   biologists investigate and attempt to solve.
   (???????????)

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Contents I
Dyke, F. V. (2003) Conservation Biology.
McGraw-Hill Inc.

• Part One Foundations
• Chap. 1 the history and distinctions of
  conservation biology
• Chap. 2 the Legal foundations of conservation
  biology
• Chap. 3 Values and ethics in Conservation
• Chap. 4 Biodiversity concept, measurement, and
  challenge
• Chap. 5 The historic and foundational paradigms
  of conservation biology
• Part Two Concepts
• Part Three Applications

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Contents II
Dyke, F. V. (2003) Conservation Biology.
McGraw-Hill Inc.

• Part One Foundations
• Part Two Concepts
• Chap. 6 The conservation of genetic diversity
• Chap. 7 The conservation of populations
• Chap. 8 The conservation of habitat and landscape
• Chap. 9 The conservation of aquatic systems
• Chap. 10 Ecosystem management
• Part Three Applications
• Chap. 11 Restoration Ecology
• Chap. 12 Conservation, Economics, and Sustainable
  development

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The rise of Conservation Biology
Pullin, A. S, (2002) Conservation Biology,
Chap.7. The press syndicate of the university of
Cambridge.

• Conservation biology is a young science that is
  still establishing its own boundaries and
  relationships with other disciplines.
• ?????
• ??conservation ethic (????)
• ??????????
• ????????(????)

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Conservation Biology
Pullin, A. S, (2002) Conservation Biology,
Chap.7. The press syndicate of the university of
Cambridge.

• Part 1
• Chap. 1 The natural world
• Chap. 2 Major world ecosystems
• Part 2
• Chap. 3 The human impact
• Chap. 4 Effects of habitat destruction
• Chap. 5 Effects of habitat disturbance
• Chap. 6 Non-sustainable use
• Part 3

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Pullin, A. S, (2002) Conservation Biology,
Chap.7. The press syndicate of the university of
Cambridge.

• Part 1
• Part 2
• Part 3
• Chap. 7 The rise of conservation biology
• Chap. 8 Selecting protected areas
• Chap. 9 Design and management of protected areas
• Chap. 10 Protecting species. I. In situ
  conservation
• Chap. 11 Protecting species. II. Ex situ
  conservtion and reintroduction
• Chap. 12 Landscape scale conservation
• Chap. 13 Conserving the evolutionary process
• Chap. 14 Ecological restoration
• Chap.15 Putting the science in to practice

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Groom, M. J., G. K. Meffe, and C. R. Carroll
(2006) Principles of Conservation Biology. 3rd.
Ed. Sinauer Associates, Inc.
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Brief contents I
Groom, M. J., G. K. Meffe, D. R. Carroll (2006)
Principles of conservation. 3rd edition. Sinauer
Associates, Inc.

• Unit I Conceptual foundations (????)
• Chap. 1. What is conservation biology?
• Chap. 2. Global biodiversity
• Chap. 3. Threats to biodiversity
• Chap. 4. Conservation values and ethics
• Chap. 5. Ecological economics and nature
  conservation
• Unit II Focus on primary threats to biodiversity
• (?????????)
• Unit III approaches to solving conservation
  problems
• (?????????)

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Brief contents II

• Unit I Conceptual foundations
• Unit II Focus on primary threats to biodiversity
• Chap. 6. Habitat degradation and loss
• Chap. 7. Habitat fragmentation
• Chap. 8. Overexploitation
• Chap. 9. Species invasions
• Chap. 10. Biological impacts of climate change
• Chap. 11. Conservation genetics
• Unit III approaches to solving conservation
  problems

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Brief contents III

• Unit I Conceptual foundations
• Unit II Focus on primary threats to biodiversity
• Unit III approaches to solving conservation
  problems
• Chap. 12. Species and Landscape approaches to
  conservation
• Chap. 13. Ecosystem approaches to conservation
• Chap. 14. Protected areas
• Chap. 15. Restoration of damaged ecosystems and
  endangered populations
• Chap. 16. Sustainable development
• Chap. 17. The integration of conservation science
  and policy
• Chap. 18. Meeting conservation challenges in the
  twenty-first century

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The background of ecology??? (?) ??????

• ??? 4th??????/???(providential)???
• Aristotle???????,???????,????????,????
  ???????????
• Herodotus and Plato??????????????????????????????
  ???????, ?????????????????

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The background of ecology??? (?) ??????

• 17th - 19th ??????
• Graunt (1662) ?????,????,???,???????,???????64???
  ??
• Leeuweenhoek (1687) ??????????,?
• ????????????746,496????
• Buffon (1756) Natural History ???? / ??,
  
  ????
• Malthus (1798) Essay on Population. ?????
  ????????? (checked)

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The background of ecology??? (?) ?????????

• Farr (1834) Malthus ??????????????,?????,?????,??
  ???????????,??????????
• 20th ?? ????????????,
• ??????????????????
• ?1900??, Ecology ????????
• ?????????????????
• ?????(????????)????

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???? (Public awakens)(?)

1. ?????????1930????,?????1970??,??????????????
2. A. Bramwell (1989) ? 1970??????????? Ecologism
   (????) (????)
3. ?????????,???1800???

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????????? (?)

• G. P. Marsh (1864) Man and Nature.
• E. Haeckel (1900) The Riddle of the universe.
• (1905) The wonders of Life.
• / back-to-the-land movement
• / ????/???????
• J. Ritchie (1920) The influence of man on
• animal life in Scotland.

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????????? (?)

• P. B. Sears (1935) Deserts on the march.
• W. Vogt (1948) Road to survival.
• F. Osburn (1948) Our plundered (???) planet.
• W. L. Thomas (1956) Man's role in changing the
• face of the Earth. Proceedings of
  symposium.
• Rachel Carson (1962) Silent Spring. (?????)
• P. R. Ehrlich (1968) The population Bomb.
• G. Hardin (1968) The tragedy of the commons.
  (??????)
• I. L. McHarg (1969) Design with Nature.

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????????? (?)

• P. Shepard and D. McKinley (1969)
• The subversive Scinece.
  (??????)
• E. Callenbach (1970) Ecotopia. (????)
• D. H. Meadows, D. L. Meadows, J. Randers, and
• W. W. Berhens III (1972) The limits to
  growth.(?????)
• IUCN (1980) World Conservation Strategy.(??????)
• Council on Environmental Quality (1980) Global
  2000 (??2000)

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???????(?)

• 1605 ?????????????, ? Fenmen ???
• 1870 ???????????????????Merritt??
• 1872 ??????, ????????????
• 1900 Lacey Act (??), ???????????????
• 1903 ??????????????, ??, Pelican island
• 1918 ?????????????????

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???????(?) (1960s)

• 1964 ????(Wilderness Act) ???
• 1966 endangered species act passed.
• 1967 ?? International Biological Program (IBP)
• ?????? ??, ???, ???, ??, ...
• ?? (1) ?????????????????
• (2) ???????????
• (3) ??????????
• (4) ????????????
• (5) ???????, ???????????

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???????(?) (1970s-90s)

• 1970 ??????(NEPA) ??????????
• 1970 ????????(Earth day)
• 1970 UNESCO ? Man and the Biosphere Program.
• 1980 IUCN ?? World Conservation
  Strategy.(??????)
• 1983 ????????????????
• 1992 ????????????????????(??)
• 2000 International Biodiversity Observation Year
• 2001 ??????
• 2002 ????????????

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A Year for Biodiversity

• (?????????) (2000) BioScience
• ???????????????(International Biodiversity
  Observation Year,?? IBOY)?????????????????,???????
  ???????????????????DIVERSITAS??????DIVERSITAS?????
  ?????,?????????????????????????

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The problem of identity (?????)

• To survive and grow, a discipline requires a
  unique conceptual framework (???????) and a set
  of identifiable intellectual distinctions that
  can be shared by a professional community with a
  common mission.
• Michael Soule, one of the founders of
  conservation biology, said, disciplines are not
  logical constructs they are social
  crystallizations which occur when a group of
  people agree that association and discourse serve
  their interests. Conservation biology began when
  a critical mass of people agreed that they were
  conservation biologists (Soule, 1986).

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Conservation biology ???

• As the science of scarcity and abundance
  (?????)
• As application of biology to the care and
  protection of plants and animals to prevent their
  loss or waste (Meffe and Carroll, 1997)
• On the preservation of biodiversity (the entire
  range of all species).

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??????

• Diversity of organisms is good
• Humans seem to inherently enjoy diversity of life
  forms (called biophilia by E. O. Wilson, 1984).
• Ecological complexity is good
• Evolution is good.
• Biotic diversity has intrinsic value, regardless
  of its utilitarian value.

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Conservation ethics (????)
Dyke, F. V. (2003) Conservation Biology.
McGraw-Hill Inc.

1. All living creatures possess intrinsic value
   (????).
2. The physical environment and the living organisms
   in natural ecosystem perform vital services and
   produce goods essential to the continuance of
   human civilizations (???????). Further, the
   species within the ecosystems are vital for
   maintaining their function and structure.
3. The physical environment and its creatures add
   value, knowledge and meaning (??,?????) to the
   experience of being human and to the appreciation
   of higher values and virtues.

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Conservation biology ???

• Both value laden (??????) and mission driven
  (????).
• Advocacy oriented (????)
• A crisis-oriented (????) discipline
• Integrative and multidisciplinary nature
• Concerned with evolutionary time (genetic
  heritage)
• Adaptive science, with a higher degree of
  uncertainty (????).
• A legally empowered science.

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????

• Ecology, systematics, genetics, and behavior
• Wildlife ecology, fisheries management, forestry,
  and range management

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???????????

1. The conservation of genetic diversity
2. The conservation of species
3. The conservation of habitat
4. The management of landscapes (?????) through
   ecosystem processes
5. Sustainable development (?????) of human
   economies and human populations. (?????)

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1. The conservation of genetic diversity

• Inbreeding depression
• Genetic drift (????)
• Fixation of harmful alleles
• Hybridization and introgression

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2. The conservation of species

• Minimum viable population (MVP)
• Population viability analysis (PVA)
• Small-population paradigm
• Declining population paradigm
• Metapopulation theory

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3. The conservation of habitat

• Habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, habitat
  isolation
• The theory of island biogeography (???????)
• Habitat heterogeneity
• Restoration ecology (?????)

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4. The management of landscape through ecosystem
processes

• Ecosystem management (???????)
• Any land management system that seeks to protect
  viable populations of all native species,
  perpetuates natural disturbance regimes on the
  regional scale, adopts a planning timeline of
  centuries, and allows human use at levels that do
  not result in long-term ecological degradation.
  (Noss and Cooperrider, 1994)
• Integrates scientific knowledge of ecological
  relationships within a complex sociopolitical and
  values framework toward the general goal of
  protecting native ecosystem integrity over the
  long term (Grumbine, 1994)

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5. Sustainable development of human economies and
human populations

• ?????????????????,?????????????,??conservation
  biology must address problems of economic
  development and the growth of human populations.

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Groom, M. J., G. K. Meffe, and C. R. Carroll
(2006) Principles of Conservation Biology. 3rd.
Ed. Sinauer Associates, Inc.
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Chapter 1What is conservation biology?

• Expanding human demands on Earth
• ???? (Fig. 1.1, 1.2)
• ???????? (Fig. 1.3)
• Human footprint (??) (Fig. 1.4)
• Stewardship (????) of natural biodiversity
• Requires a strong link be forged between
  conservation biology and environmentally
  sustainable development.
• Responding to Global change
• Conservation biology as a crisis discipline

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10???,??????????????????10?????-??
1????10???????7,000 ???1???????1400AD????1
875AD????1950AD?
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????????????????????????(??)??????

• Wackernagel, M. (1996) Our ecological footprint
  reducing human impact on the Earth.

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Conservation in the US

• Three philosophical movement, two of the
  nineteenth century and one of the twentieth.
• The Romantic Transcendental Conservation Ethic
• Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, John
  Muir
• ??????????????
• Resource Conservation Ethic
• Gifford Pinchot
• Utilitarian philosophy of John Stuart Mill
• Anthropocentric valuing of nature
• Evolutionary-Ecological Land Ethic (Aldo Leopold)
• Equilibrium vs. non-equilibrium

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Modern conservation biology

• 1960s-1980s
• 1985, the society for Conservation Biology,
• 1987, the first issue of the journal Conservation
  Biology
• ????????Biological Conservation, the Journal of
  Wildlife Management, and Conservation in Practice
  (1999)

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Fig. 1.7 The first issue of the journal
Conservation Biology, published in May 1987.
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Guiding principles for CB

1. Evolution is the basic axiom that unites all of
   biology (The evolutionary play)
2. The ecological world is dynamic and largely
   nonequilibrial (the ecological theater)
3. Human presence must be included in conservation
   planning (Humans are part of the play)

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???????? (pervasive)

• A discipline responding to an immense crisis.
  (?????)
• A multidisciplinary science
• An inexact science (??????)
• Precautionary principle (????)(p.23)
• A value-laden science (???????)
• A science with an evolutionary time scale
• A science of eternal vigilance (???????)

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Fig. 1.9 The interdisciplinary nature of
conservation biology merges many traditional
fields of natural and social sciences, and the
humanities.
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http//mail.nutn.edu.tw/hycheng/