A Brief History of Medicine

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?????(6) A Brief History of Medicine
??????? ? ? Zhejiang University School of Medicine
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Harvey announced his discovery of the circulatory
system in 1616 and in 1628 published his
work Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et
Sanguinis in Animalibus (An Anatomical Exercise
on the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals),
and described the pulmonary circulation and
systemic circulation Heart output100-150ml
x6510p
William Harvey 1578-1657
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With careful observation and quantitative
experiments challenged Galens theory on the
artery and vein
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?????Microscopic Anatomy
Early 17th century English man Digges and Dutch
spectacle maker Zaccharias and Hans Janssen
invented first microscopy
Two convex lenses
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????????Microscopic Anatomy
1610 Galileo worked our the priciples of lenses
and made a better instrument with focusing device
enlarging for 70 times
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???????? Microscopic Anatomy
Observed biological tissues with microscope as
the pioneer of histology and embryology
???? 1628-1694 Marcello Malpighi
(Italian)
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????????Microscopic Anatomy
The discovery of capillary, microscopic structure
of lung and kidney
Malpighian alveoli Capillaries in frog
mesentery
Malpighian corpuscle (Malpighian body) Malpighian
Tubules
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????????Microscopic Anatomy
?? 1635-1702 Robert Hooke
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????????Microscopic Anatomy
The discovery of cell and its naming (cork)
Discovery of compound eyes in insects
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????????Microscopic Anatomy
A Dutch cloth merchant used new method for
grinding and polishing tiny lenses of great
curvature which gave magnifications up to 270
diameters
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1632-1723
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???????? Microscopic Anatomy
Leeuwenhoek was first to see and describe
bacteria as animalcules (tiny animals), became
the father of microbiology, he was also first to
record microscopic observations of muscle fibers,
spermatozoa, and blood flow in capillaries.
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Origin of Medicine Egypt
Babylon India
China Greece
Rome Medieval
Arabic medicine
Renaissance Pre-modern medicine Modern
medicine TCM
Western Medicine
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Premodern Medicine background
1642-1651 English Civil War (revolution)
Replacement of English monarchy with the
Commonwealth of England, then with a Protectorate
under Lord of Protector Olive Cromwell, James II
restoration of monarch(1660) ,William III (Prince
of Orange) and Mary II overthrew James II,
Glorious Revolution(1688) The Bill of Rights
was passed and established constitutional
monarchy(1689)
1649.1.30
Oliver Cromwell
Trial and execution of Charles I for treason
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Premodern Medicine background
French revolution
 "Liberty leading the people"
The tripod
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French Revolution 1789-1799
Storming of Bastille
1793.1.21
Execution of Louis XVI January 21, 1793

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Pre-modern Medicine Industrial revolution
The Industrial Revolution was a period in the
late 18th and early 19th centuries when major
changes in agriculture, manufacturing,
production, mining, and transportation had a
profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural
conditions in Britain. The changes subsequently
spread throughout Europe, North America, and
eventually the world. The onset of the Industrial
Revolution marked a major turning point in human
society almost every aspect of daily life was
eventually influenced in some way.
Steam power - James Watt improved steam engine
provided powerful energy for industrial revolutin
?? 1736-1819 James Watt
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Pre-modern Medicine Industrial revolution
?? Locomotive ?? Steamer boat
(George Stephenson 1781-1848) and his
locomotive(1829)
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The starting point-textile industry
?????Spinner Jenny
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Pre-modern Medicine Scientific revolution

• Laws of Motion
• First law Law of Inertia
• Second law Fma
• Third law
• ActionReaction
• Universal Gravitation

First law If there is no net force on an object,
then its velocity is constant. The object is
either at rest (if its velocity is equal to
zero), or it moves with constant speed in a
single direction. Second law The acceleration a
of a body is parallel and directly proportional
to the net force F acting on the body, is in the
direction of the net force, and is inversely
proportional to the mass m of the body, i.e., F
ma. Third law When a first body exerts a force
F1 on a second body, the second body
simultaneously exerts a force F2 -F1 on the
first body. This means that F1 and F2 are equal
in magnitude and opposite in direction.
Isaac Newton 1642-1727
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Pre-modern Medicine Scientific thinking
methodology (Enlightenment) Descartes'
rationalism and Bacon's empiricism had to be
combined to produce the modern scientific method
?? Francis Bacon 1561-1626 According to Bacon,
scientists should experiment freely and collect
facts about everything in the world, until in due
time the accumulation of facts would make clear
the way nature behaves. From the storehouse of
accumulated facts, scientists would induce the
laws of nature. (inductive methodology )
Knowledge itself is power
??? Rene Descartes 1596-1650 According to
Descartes, scientists should deduce the laws of
nature by pure reason, starting from the axioms
of mathematics and our knowledge of the existence
of God. Experiments needed to be done only to
verify that the logical deduction of the laws of
nature was correct. (deductive methodology)
His aphorism is I think therefore I am
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Pre-modern medicine chemical school (Iatrochemie)

• Flemish physician, philosopher, mystic, and
  chemist
• van Helmont demonstrated that acid was the
  digestive element in the stomach and was
  neutralized by alkali in the intestine and that
  blood combined with a ferment from the air.
• His theory of ferments as the agents bringing
  about physiological processes is a crude
  precursor of the idea of enzymes
• (fermentum).

Jan Baptista van Helmont (1580
-1644)
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Pre-modern medicine chemical school (Iatrochemie)
He was professor of medicine at the University of
Leiden, Holland He believes that all life and
disease processes are based on chemical actions.
That school of thought attempted to understand
medicine in terms of universal rules of physics
and chemistry. Sylvius also introduced the
concept of chemical affinity as a way to
understand the way the human body uses salts and
contributed greatly to the understanding of
digestion and of bodily fluids.
Franciscus Sylvius  (1614-1672)
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Pre-modern medicine physical school
(Iatrophysics)
Alfonso Borelli 1608-1679
Italian physiologist, physicist and mathematician
father of modern biomechanics
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Pre-modern medicine physical school
(Iatrophysics)
French physician and philosopher, materialists of
the enlighterment. He is best known for his work
Lhomme machine  (Man a machine published
anonymously 1747), wherein he claimed that human
beings were machines.
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Julien Offray de La Mettrie ??? 1709-1751
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Three major discoveries of 19th century

• ?????????
• The Law of Energy Conservation
• ?????
• The Evolution
• ???????
• The Cell Theory

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Sanctorius (1561-1636)Italian physiologist,
professor of Padua For a period of thirty years
Sanctorius weighed himself, everything he ate and
drank, as well as his urine and feces. He
compared the weight of what he had eaten to that
of his waste products, the latter being
considerably smaller. He produced his theory
of insensible perspiration as an attempt to
account for this difference.
Weighing Chair
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The Law of Energy Conservation
Geman physician and physicist and one of the
founders of thermodynamics. In 1841 he made the
original statements of the conservation of
energy or the first versions of the first law of
thermodynamics Energy can be neither created
nor destroyed In 1842, Mayer described the
vital chemical process now referred to
as oxidation as the primary source of energy for
any living creature. His achievements were
overlooked and priority for the discovery of the
mechanical equivalent of heat was attributed
to James Joule in the following year. He also
proposed that plants convert light into chemical
energy.
Julius Robert von Mayer  (1814-1878)
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The Law of Energy Conservation

• James Joule (1818-1889)
• English physicist and brewer
• He studied the nature of heat and discovered
  its relationship to
  mechanical work (mechanical heat
  equivalent),confirmed the law of conservation of
  energy, which led to the development of the first
  law of thermodynamics

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Evolution All species of life have evolved over
time from common ancestors, through the process
he called natural selection. In modern
evolutionary theory, Darwins scientific
discovery is the unifying theory of the life
sciences, providing logical explanation for the
diversity of life.
Charles Robert Darwin English naturalist
(1809-1882)
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Evolution Charles Robert Darwin In his five-year
(1831-1836) voyage on HMS Beagle  established
him as an eminent geologist Puzzled by the
geographical distribution of wildlife
and fossils he collected on the voyage, Darwin
investigated the transmutation of species and
conceived his theory of natural selection in 1838?
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???? Darwins Finches
??????? Galapagos Islands ?????,?????1000??
?23?????,?????????
??????? Galapagos Tortoise ?12??,?????Longsome
George 2012.6.24 ??
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On the Origin of Species established
evolutionary descent with modification as the
dominant scientific explanation of
diversification in nature The struggle for
existence, Survival of the fittest
(????,????) I have called this principle, by
which each slight variation, if useful, is
preserved, by the term Natural Selection.
Published in 1859
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He examined human evolution and sexual selection
in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation
to Sex(1871), followed by The Expression of the
Emotion in Man and Animals (1872)
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Darwin 2009 commemorations

• In the United Kingdom a special commemorative
  issue of the two pound coin shows a portrait of
  Darwin facing a chimpanzee surrounded by the
  inscription 1809 DARWIN 2009, with the edge
  inscription ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 1859
• In September 2008, the Church of England issued
  an article saying that the 200th anniversary of
  his birth was a fitting time to apologise to
  Darwin "for misunderstanding you and, by getting
  our first reaction wrong, encouraging others to
  misunderstand you still".

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EvolutionEvidence from embryology
Ernst Haeckel1834-1919  Recapitulation theory
an individual organism's biological development,
or ontogeny, parallels and summarizes its
species' entire evolutionary development, or
phylogeny
ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny fish,
amphibians, reptiles, aves, mammalia, primate
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The Cell Theory
The discovery of plant cell (cork) and its naming
Robert Hooke 1635-1702
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The Cell Theory
German botanist and co-founder of the cell
theory, along with Theodor Schwann and Rudolf
Virchow. He wrote Contributions to
Phytogenesis (1838), in which he stated that the
different parts of the plant organism are
composed of cells (inductive)

Matthias Schleiden 1804-1881
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The Cell Theory

• In Microscopic Investigations on the
  Accordance in the Structure and Growth of Plants
  and Animals (1839), in which he declared that
  "All living things are composed of cells and cell
  products." Thus cell theory was definitely
  constituted.

Theodor Schwann 1810-1882
Schwann cell
Myelin sheath
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The Cell Theory

• Cells are the unit of structure, function and
  reproduction in living things.
• Anything that is living is composed of cells
• The chemical reactions of an organism occur in
  cells
• All cells come from preexisting cells

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The development of pathology Organ pathology

• Giovanni Battista Morgagni 1682-1771
• Italian anatomist, professor of Padua
  University, and he is celebrated as the father of
  the modern anatomical pathology

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The development of pathology
1761 published De Sedibus et causis morborum per
anatomem indagatis (On the seats and causes of
diseases investigated by anatomy) Based on 70
letters containing the records of some 646
dissections, including the symptoms during the
course of the malady and the conditions found
after death.  He made pathological  anatomy a
science, and diverted the course of medicine into
new channels of exactness or precision
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The development of pathology Histopathology

French anatomist and physiologist, is best
remembered as the father of modern histology
and pathology He dissected 600 cadavers/year, was
the first to introduce the notion of tissue as
distinct entities.  He maintained that diseases
attacked tissues rather than whole organs.
Marie François Xavier Bichat 1771-1802
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The development of pathology cellular pathology
German doctor, anthropologist, public health
activist, pathologist, prehistorian, biologist
and politician, referred to as the Father of
Pathology, and founded the field of  social
medicine. (duel challenged by Bismarck) Omnis
cellula e cellula ("every cell originates from
another existing cell like it.") which he
published in 1858 First one who discovered
leukemia
Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow 1812-1902
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Medical Terms named after Virchow
Virchow's angle  The angle between the
nasobasilar line and the nasosubnasal
line. Virchow's disease  leontiasis
ossium. Virchow's line  a line from the root of
the nose to the lambda. Virchow's method of
autopsy  A method of autopsy where each organ is
taken out one by one. Virchows node the
presence of metastatic cancer in a lymph-node in
the supraclavicular fossa (root of the neck left
of the midline). Also known as Troisiers
sign.  Virchows triad factors contributing
toward venous thrombus formation.
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Newtons Apple
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Louis Pasteur
Chance favors the prepared mind
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Essay writing

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