Gunpowder Empires

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Gunpowder Empires

• 1450-1750

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Land Based Power

• Europes empires built on sea power
• Asian empires land-based power around might of
  gunpowder
• Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals, Ming and Qing, and
  Russia
• Finally able to conquer nomad groups

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Muslim Empires

• Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal
• Emerged from central steppe nomads
• All had Absolute monarchs who modeled their
  courts after early Islamic empires

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Ottoman Empire

• Modern day Turkey
• 1st people to use cannons offensively
• Large army of mounted and foot soldiers, Powerful
  navy
• Sultan with large bureaucracy, top official was
  grand vizier
• Suleiman the Magnificent most famous ruler
• Much trade, due to location
• Mostly Sunni, but diversity of people and
  religions
• More equality for women
• Constantinople, highly sophisticated capital

Suleiman
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Safavid Empire

• East of Ottoman, modern Iran
• Belief that Hidden Imam descendant of Ali would
  return to rule
• Ruler stand-in until then
• Strong army with firearms
• Little trade
• Patriarchal
• Mostly Shiite, forced conversion in 16th Century
  by Ismail

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Mughal Empire

• Modern day Pakistan, Afghanistan, and N. India
• Strong military
• Muslim rulers with centralized power
• Muslim authority over rebellious Hindu Pop.
• Akbar most famous ruler, tried to reconcile
  faiths
• Limited trade
• Land grant system based on military service
• New faith Sikhism blend of Islam and Hinduism

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Decline of Muslim Empires

• Inadequate transportation and communication
  larger empires grew, harder they were to control
• Unruly warrior elites, inadequate bureaucracies
  Military knew they were important, so often acted
  apart from the govt
• Rise of European rivals European countries
  smaller so mobilization of human and natural
  resources easier, also closeness led to more
  competition so they were spurred to new
  technologies and reforms

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Russia

• Little contact with rest of Europe
• Eastern Orthodox
• 1480 Ivan III (the Great) ousted the last of the
  Mongols
• Russia was left weak, but expanded under Ivan III
  and Ivan IV (the terrible)
• Expanded to Poland and across Siberia
• Pioneers called Cossacks sent to new territories,
  taking land
• Ivan IV died with no heir, so Romanovs took over
  in 1613 (until 1917)
• Russian nobles, Boyars, selected the new Tsar,
  Mikhail

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Peter the Greatr. 1682-1725

• Went to western Europe to gain aid against Turks,
  became fascinated with Western European
  technology science
• Fought with Sweden for a port on the Baltic
• Rebuilt his capital at St. Petersburg
• Boyars had to shave and adopt Western dress
• Brought French ballet to Russia and allowed elite
  women to public events
• Stayed Absolute Monarch (did not adopt
  Enlightenment ideas)
• Continued serfdom (virtual slavery) and
  controlled subjects through a secret police

Peters Palace in Moscow
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Expansion of Peter the Great
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Ming and Qing China

• Ming 1368-1644, replaced Yuan, brought peace and
  stability
• China mostly closed to foreigners
• Scholar-gentry and civil-service exams returned
• Junks Zheng He, to show off wealth and power of
  Middle Kingdom
• Pirates kept them out of the ocean
• Repaired Great Wall and Canals
• Jesuits sent to Convert, allowed to remain
  because they knew science and technology
• Europeans restricted to coast
• Emperor lived in Forbidden City, eventually
  became too involved in pleasure, overthrown

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Qing Dynasty1644 - 1911

• Known as Manchus, conquered from the North
• Doubled the size of China
• Traded with Russia
• Population began to grow due to new crops Sweet
  and white potatoes, Maize, peanuts
• Last Dynasty (yay! You know them all!!)

Grrr.
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Expansion under Qing
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Tokugawa Shogunate

• Jesuits converted over 300,000, Japan felt must
  consolidate under a powerful shogun, Tokugawa
  Ieyasu
• 1606 Christianity outlawed, executed
• Japanese forbidden to travel overseas
• Europeans not allowed in (except Dutch)
• Guns virtually banned
• Agriculture flourished
• Power in hands of Samurai class
• Capital at Edo, now Tokyo

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Under Tokugawa

• To maintain control, Daimyos had to go to Edo
  every other year (this meant the Tokugawa had
  direct control over 50 always)
• Needed permission to marry or build
• Class structure (4 classes)
• Samurai (with Daimyo) sword and topknot
• Farmers made food
• Artisans made stuff
• Merchants lowest, made nothing

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Reconquista

• Mid 15th Century Spain united with Marriage of
  Fernando of Aragon and Isabel of Castile
• This led to three important things
• Reconquista (Reconquest) of former Muslim
  territory
• Expulsion of Jews, led to severe economic
  problems because they were educated and skilled
• Voyage of Columbus

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Vocabulary

• Boyars
• Cossacks
• Manchus
• Jesuits
• Janissaries

• Reconquista
• Mughal Empire
• Tokugawa Shogunate
• mercantilism

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Dailies Gunpowder Empires

• 1. What were the 3 gunpowder Empires?
• 2. How were they different from the European
  Empires?
• 3. Describe religion in the Mughal Empire? Who
  were the Sikhs?
• 4-5. Give two reason that the gunpowder empires
  declined.

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Dailies Ming and Qing

• Who were the Jesuits?
• Why did the Chinese allow the Jesuits into China?
• Who were the Qing (where were they from)?
• Why were guns banned in Japan?
• Describe the Reconquista.