The Muslim Empires

1
The Muslim Empires
15
2
The Ottoman Empire

• Rise of the Ottoman Turks
• Osman (1280-1326) leader of Osman Turks
• At first peaceful, pastoral people
• Osmanli (Ottoman) dynasty
• Byzantine Empire weakened by the sack of
  Constantinople in the Fourth Crusade, 1204
• Orkhan I (1326-1360) attacked across the Bosporus
  into the Balkans
• Murad I (1360-1389)
• Reduces the Byzantine emperor to a vassal
• Janissaries
• Battle of Kosovo, 1389

3
Expansion of the Empire

• Bayazid I(1389-1402)
• Mehmet II (1451-1481)
• The Fall of Constantinople, 1453
• The Advance into Western Asia and Africa
• Selim I (1512-1520)
• Consolidate control over Mesopotamia and Northern
  Africa
• Pashas

4
Turkish Expansion in Europe

• Suleyman I the Magnificent (1520-1566)
• Belgrade, 1521
• Battle of Mohács, 1526
• Vienna, 1529
• Turkish defeated by the Spanish at Lepanto, 1571
• Vienna, 1683

5
Nature of Turkish Rule

• Sultan
• Evolution from bey to sultan
• Topkapi Palace
• Harem (Private domain of the sultan)
• Place of women in the harem depends on giving
  birth to sons
• Women of the harem often exercised influence
• Members of the harems were often slaves
• Educated and trained like Janissaries in the
  Devshirme
• Harem made up of extended family few used for
  sex
• Administration of the Government
• Grand Vezir, the chief minister
• Provinces and districts governed by officials who
  combined civil and military functions
• Senior officials assigned land by the sultan

6
The Ottoman Empire
7
Religion and Society in the Ottoman World

• The Ottoman ruling elites were Sunni Muslims
• Claimed the title of caliph
• Had to uphold the Sharia, Islamic Law
• Sufism
• The Treatment of Minorities
• Non-Muslims- Orthodox Christians (Greeks and
  Slavs, Jews, Armenian Christians
• Position of women

8
Ottomans in Decline

• Battle of Carlowitz, 1699
• Reasons for decline
• Administrative system began to break down
• Changes in the devshirme system
• Corruption
• Material affluence and impact of western ideas
  and customs
• Weak rulers

9
Ottoman Art

• Pottery, rugs, textiles, jewelry, arms, armor,
  and calligraphy
• Architecture
• Santa Sophia and Blue Mosque in Istanbul
• Tiles and mosaics new glazed tile
• Silk industry rugs

10
The Safavid

• Shah Ismail (1487-1524)
• Was Sufi
• Seized much of Iran and Iraq, 1501
• Sent Shiite preachers into Anatolia
• Ottomans attack Shah Abbas I, the Great, 1850s
• Safavid forced to move capital
• Safavid reach the zenith of their glory
• Problems following Abbas, the Great

11
The Ottoman and Safavid Empires, c. 1683
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Safavid, contd

• Safavid Politics and Society
• Used Shiism as a unifying force
• Pyramidal political system, shah at the top
• Economy of commerce and manufacturing
• Safavid Art and Literature
• Isfahan
• Textiles
• Silk weaving
• Painting

13
The Grandeur of the Mughals

• The Founding of the Empire
• Mughal Dynasty A Gunpowder Empire?
• Babur (1483-1530)
• Captures Delhi in 1526 and thus control of the
  northern plains
• Humayun (1530-1556)
• Was forced to flee in 1540
• Recaptures Delhi in 1555
• Akbar (1556-1605)
• Expansion under Akbar

14
The Mughal Empire
15
The Mughals, contd

• Akbar and Indo-Muslim Civilization
• Religion
• Religious tolerance
• Din-I-ilahi (Divine Faith)
• Society and the Economy
• Upper ranks nonnative Muslims
• Lower ranks Hindus
• Paid salaries but later assigned agricultural
  land and can collect taxes in lieu of salary
• Zamindars, officials paid rest of taxes to
  government
• Mughal legal system
• Hindu laws applied to areas settled by Hindus
• Hindus no longer paid jizya, poll tax on
  non-Muslims

16
Twilight of the Mughals

• Jahangir (1605-1628)
• In early years strengthened central control
• Court falls under influence of one of his wives
• The Reign of Shah Jahan (1628-1657)
• Killed all his rivals when he came to the throne
• Expanded the boundaries
• Growing domestic problems
• Taj Mahal
• Rule of Augangzeb (1658-1707)
• Reforms and religious intolerance
• Rebellions

17
Decline of the Mughals

• Draining of the imperial treasury
• Decline in the competence of Mughal rulers
• Loosely knit principalities
• Unwillingness of the wealthy to accept authority

18
Akbars Reign

• Long period of peace and political stability
• Commerce and manufacturing flourished
• Foreign trade thrived
• Tariffs on imports low
• Foreign commerce handled by Arab traders because
  Indians did not care for travel by sea
• Internal trade dominated by merchant castes

19
Impact of Western Power in India

• The Portuguese arrived first
• The English arrive at Surat in 1608
• Send an ambassador in 1616
• Fort William (Calcutta)
• Dutch and French
• Joseph François Dupleix
• Pondicherry
• Continued English activities
• Sir Robert Clive
• British East India Company
• Battle of Plassey, 1757
• British began to consolidate control

20
Economic Difficulties

• East India Companys takeover of vast
  landholdings a disaster for Indian economy
• Transfer of capital from local Indian aristocracy
  to company officials, who sent profits back to
  England
• Destruction of local industries because British
  goods imported duty-free
• British expansion hurt peasants
• British law meant people who couldnt pay tax
  lost their land
• Series of massive famines led to death of 1/3
  population

21
India in 1805
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Resistance to the British

• Indian commanders harassed and ambushed British
  (guerrilla warfare)
• Haidar Ali
• 18th C final consolidation of British rule over
  subcontinent

23
Society and Economy under the Mughals

• Position of women
• Mix of Hindu, Muslim, and tribal practices
• purdah
• Women in commerce
• Hindus efforts to defend themselves
• Commercialization of India
• The Economy
• Long-term stability led to increasing
  commercialization and spread of wealth
• Mughal era affluent landed gentry and
  prosperous merchant class
• British rule prominent Indians established
  commercial relationships with foreigners

24
Mughal Culture

• Islamic combined with Persian and indigenous
  influences
• Architecture
• The most visible achievement
• The Taj Mahal Humayuns mausoleum

25
Discussion Questions

• What was the ethnic composition of the Ottoman
  Empire, and how did the government of the sultan
  administer such a diverse population?
• What role did women play in each of the Muslim
  empires?
• What were the main characteristics of each of the
  Muslim empires, and in what ways did they
  resemble each other. How were they distinct from
  their European counterparts?