Cell Biology

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Cell Biology
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Chapter Seven Cell Structure and Function

• 7.1 What Are Cells?
• 7.2 Cells- A Look Inside

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7.2 Cells A Look Inside

• A cookie factory is like a cell.
• An analogy is a way of explaining something
  complicated using an easier example.
• A cookie factory is a good analogy for
  understanding all the cell parts and their
  functions.

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7.2 Comparing cells to a factory

• Every cell part has a job or function.
• This chart shows how a cell is like a cookie
  factory

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7.2 The cell membrane and nucleus

• To make cell parts visible under a microscope,
  you can apply a stain to the cells.
• Methylene blue is a stain often used to look at
  animal cells.

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7.2 The cell membrane and nucleus

• The cell membrane is a thin layer that separates
  the inside of the cell from its outside
  environment.
• It keeps the cytoplasm inside while letting waste
  products out.

What is stained darker blue in each cell?
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7.2 The cell membrane and nucleus

• The nucleus is covered with a membrane that
  allows materials to pass in and out.
• Its often called the control center of the
  cell because it contains DNA.

The nucleolus acts as a storage area for
materials.
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7.2 Organelles and their functions

• Mitochondria are called the powerhouses of
  cells.
• They produce much of the energy a cell needs to
  carry out its functions.

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7.2 Organelles and their functions

• A vacuole is the storage area of the cell.
• Vacuoles store water, food, and waste.

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7.2 Organelles and their functions

• The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a series of
  tunnels throughout the cytoplasm.
• They transport proteins from one part of the cell
  to another.

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7.2 Organelles and their functions

• Ribosomes are the protein factories of the cell.
• When ribosomes make proteins, they release them
  into the ER.

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7.2 Organelles and their functions

• Golgi bodies receive proteins and other compounds
  from the ER.
• They package these materials and distribute them
  to other parts of the cell.

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7.2 Organelles and their functions

• Lysosomes contain enzymes that can break things
  down.
• Lysosomes pick up bacteria, food, and old
  organelles and break them into small pieces that
  can be reused.

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7.2 Organelles and their functions

• The cytoskeleton is a series of fibers made from
  proteins.
• It provides structure to the cell and gives it
  its shape.

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7.2 How plant cells are different

1. Plant cells have chloroplasts, but animal cells
   do not.

A chloroplast is an organelle that contains a
green pigment called chlorophyll.
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7.2 How plant cells are different

1. Plant cells have a large central vacuole that
   stores cell sap.

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7.2 How plant cells are different

1. Plant cells have a cell wall, but animal cells do
   not.

Cell walls provide structure and support for the
plant.
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Investigation 7B
Animal and Plant Cells

• What are the differences between animal and plant
  cells?

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Medicine Connection
Organ Transplants

• Modern medicine is able to transplant many
  organs.
• A variety of cells can attack the new tissues if
  they dont match.
• This causes most transplants to fail.

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Activity
Build a Scale Model of a Cell

• It is not always clear how the size of the cell
  is related to the parts inside.
• In this activity, you will explore the
  relationship of cell size to organelle size by
  creating a scale model.