IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)

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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) The major groups of
mammals had evolved in the Jurassic and
Cretaceous.
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) The major groups of
mammals had evolved in the Jurassic and
Cretaceous. The extinction of the dinosaurs
opened many niches, but the mammals were hammered
by extinctions, too.
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) The major groups of
mammals had evolved in the Jurassic and
Cretaceous. The extinction of the dinosaurs
opened many niches, but the mammals were hammered
by extinctions, too. Small mammals, however,
quickly radiate into most ecological niches
except large predators.
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) In the absence of
dinosaurs, the birds radiated
seed eater?
Diatryma (Gastornis) in NA/Asia
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) In the absence of
dinosaurs, the birds radiated
Phorusrhacids in SA Top Predators
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) In the absence of
dinosaurs, the birds radiated
Phorusrhacids in SA Top Predators
Largest one yet, found in Argentina in Oct. 2006,
probably stood over 10 feet tall. Chiappe and
Bertelli. 2006. Nature 443929.
2.3 ft
condor
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) MAMMALIAN RADIATIONS
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) The nature of these
radiations varied on the different, separated
continents
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) The earliest
marsupials evolved in North America, but the were
practically wiped out there at the K-T. They
didn't recover in NA, but weathered the K-T (and
ultimately dominated the fauna) in the southern
supercontinent of SA, Antarctica, and Australia,
eventually radiating into all ecological niches.
late Cretaceous Alphodon, a Didelphiformian
(common marsupial group)
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) The earliest Cenozoic
marsupials are in SA (Paleocene), but by the
Eocene they are present in Antarctica and
Australia. They begin as insectivores...
Argyrolagus (SA)
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) then radiate as large
herbivores (in Australia, primarily)...
Diprotodon
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) and finally radiate as
top predators.
'cat-like'
Thylacoleo Marsupial "Lion" (Australia)
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) and finally radiate as
top predators.
'cat-like'
Thylacosmilus (SA and Australia)
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Borhyaena (SA)
IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) and finally radiate as
top predators.
'Dog-like'
Thylacine (Australia)
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) In the isolation of
Australia, they radiated to fill all mammalian
niches
teddy bear niche
45 species of terrestrial herbivores (Wallabies
and Kangaroos
Insectivore
Nectarivore Honey Possum
Fossorial
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) In the isolation of
Australia, they radiated to fill all mammalian
niches
Arboreal Glider
Arboreal Herbivore/Frugivore brush-tailed Possum
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) In the isolation of
Australia, they radiated to fill all mammalian
niches
'cat-like' Predator
Quolls (several species)
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) In the isolation of
Australia, they radiated to fill all mammalian
niches
'dog-like' Predator
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) In the isolation of
Australia, they radiated to fill all mammalian
niches
Omnivore/Scavenger Tasmanian Devil
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) In SA, in addition to
the marsupials, there were placental mammals -
but only radiating as large herbivores
Toxodon
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) and a notable
mammalian clade, the Xenarthans - Sloths,
Armadillos, Anteaters - were diverse and abundant
in SA faunas
Glyptodon
Megatherium
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) and an Africarabian
fauna evolved in isolation on Africa/Arabia - the
modern group called that Afrotheria
Elephant Shrews
Aardvarks
Hyraxes
Golden Moles
Elephants
Tenrecs
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Paleocene (65-55
mya)
The multituberculates dominated the "rodent
niche" in northern continents.
Ptilodus
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Paleocene (65-55
mya)
The first large herbivores were Pantodonts...
including Titanoides and Coryphodon. There are
few direct adaptations to an herbivorous lifestyle
Ptilodus
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Paleocene (65-55
mya)
The next clade of mammals were the Condylarths
omnivorous ancestral to the modern ungulates
(Artiodactyls and Perissiodactlys).
Phenocodus
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Eocene (54-38
mya) Many modern groups evolve in the northern
continents Artiodactyls and Perrissiodactyls
replace condylarths
proto- horses (Hyracotherium), tapirs,
rhinoceroses, and camels, and bats, primates
(Purgatorius), and whales (Basilosaurus) evolve.
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Basilosaurus
Pakicetus
Ambulocetus
Mesonychid (a condylarth)
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Eocene (54-38 mya)
Icaronycterus index
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Eocene (54-38 mya)
First Primates - Plesiadapids (Paleocene)
Purgatorius
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Eocene (54-38
mya) Many modern groups evolve in the northern
continents
creodonts replaced large birds as major predators
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Oligocene (38-24
mya)
a cooling period, creating savannahs - grazers
and browsers radiate
grasses evolve
Mesohippus
Calicotherium
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Oligocene (38-24
mya)
a cooling period, creating savannahs - grazers
and browsers radiate
Arsinotherium
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Oligocene (38-24
mya)
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Oligocene (38-24
mya)
a cooling period, creating savannahs - browsers
radiate
Indricotherium (Baluchitherium)
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Oligocene (38-24
mya)
Titanotheres
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Miocene (24 - 5 mya)
NEOGENE
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Miocene (24-5
mya) Extensification of grassland
habitats Radiation of grazer fauna camelids,
horse ancestors, cervids, rhinos
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Miocene (24 - 5
mya)
True Dog and Cat Carnivores replace creodonts
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Pliocene (5 - 2 mya)
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Pliocene (5 - 2 mya)
Great American Interfaunal Exchange
Sloths, Armadillos, Porcupines, Opposum
Deer, horses, monkeys, cats and dogs, rodents
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Pleistocene (2 mya -
10K)
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Pleistocene (2 mya -
10K)
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Pleistocene (2 mya -
10K)
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Pleistocene (2 mya -
10K)
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Pleistocene (2 mya -
10K)
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Pleistocene (2 mya -
10K)
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Pleistocene (2 mya -
10K)
American Mastodon Mammut americanum
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Pleistocene (2 mya -
10K)
Complete Mitochondrial Genome and Phylogeny of
Pleistocene Mammoth Mammuthus primigenius Evgeny
I. Rogaev, et al. 2006. PLoS.
Hyrax
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Pleistocene (2 mya -
10K) - Periodic Ice Ages
391.06 (2010) 379.1 (2005)
Last Maximum 18,000 ybp
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Pleistocene (2 mya -
10K)
Extinction of the Pleistocene Megafuana - Human
overhunting and keystone effects - Climate
change - diseases brought by humans and their
dogs.
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