SANDAG's use of GIS

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GIS Software, Applications and the Internet
Class 2 GISG 110
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Objectives

• GIS Software, Applications and the Internet
• Why GIS?
• Software vendors
• Types of GIS software
• Application fields
• Application areas

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Why GIS?

• Wider availability through Internet and networks
• Lower cost of GIS hardware and software
• Greater awareness that decision making affects
  geographic neighbors
• More user-friendly
• Increased availability of GIS data
• Better technology
• Availability of out of box applications and
  software

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Software Evolution

• 1970 and 80s Command line
• Late 1980s
• Graphical user interfaces (GUIs)
• Customization capabilities
• Current Day Software linked to Web

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Software Vendors

• Main players
• ESRI
• Intergraph
• Autodesk
• GE Energy
• Secondary players
• Leica Geosystems
• IBM
• MapInfo

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ESRI Inc.

• Private company founded in 1969, headquartered in
  Redlands, CA
• Employs over 4000 worldwide
• Annual revenues over 500 million
• Serves over 130,000 organizations, 1 million
  users
• Focus solely on GIS market
• Primarily software
• ¼ revenue from project work advising clients how
  to implement GIS
• Product suite called ArcGIS (hand-held, desktop,
  servers)
• www.esri.com

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Intergraph Inc.

• Founded 1969, went public 1981
• Focus is CAD and mapping software, consulting
  services and hardware
• Four main operating units
• Process, Power, and Marine
• Public Safety
• Solutions
• Mapping and Geospatial Solutions
• Accounts for over 200 million in revenue
• Total revenue over 500 million
• GIS product line is GeoMedia
• Strongest GIS company in military, infrastructure
  and utility
• www.intergraph.com

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AutoDesk

• Publicly traded company, headquartered in San
  Rafael, CA
• Leading digital design and content company in
  building, manufacturing, infrastructure, and
  digital media, and location services
• Product family is called AutoCAD
• Used worldwide by over 4 million customers
• Publicly traded 1 billion entity, employing
  3,700
• Successful computer-aided design (CAD) company
  that extended into GIS
• www.autodesk.com

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GE Energy

• GIS software is referred to as Geospatial Asset
  Management Solution
• Based on Smallworld GIS
• GE acquired Smallworld codebase in 2000
• Smallworld established in 1980 in UK
• Onset focused on complex utility network
  solutions, gas and electric
• One of top 3 GIS utility software providers
• www.gepower.com

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Types of software systems

• Desktop
• Server GIS
• Developer GIS
• Hand-held GIS
• Others
• Imagery products, CAD, DBMS

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Desktop

• Took off after development Microsoft Windows
  Operating System
• Most widely used GIS software
• Developed for PC platform
• Focuses on data use (maps, charts, reports)
  verses data creation
• Prices range from 1,000-2,000
• Professional GIS prices 7,000-20,000

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Server GIS

• GIS runs on server, handles concurrent processing
  requests from range of networked clients
• Functions editing, mapping, data management,
  spatial analysis
• Potential for largest user base and lowest cost
  per user
• Cost varies 5,000-25,000 for small to medium
  systems

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Developer GIS

• Oriented toward needs of developers
• Toolkits of GIS functions that programmers use to
  build GIS applications
• Create highly customized applications that stand
  alone or are embedded in other applications
• Cost is 1,000-5,000 for developers kit

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Hand-held GIS

• GIS for mobile systems and field use
• Palm and pocket devices support display, query,
  analytical applications similar to desktop
• Programs and data held in memory, due to (size
  and) lack of hard disk
• Provides fast access, but memory more expensive
  than hard disk space
• Smartphones hold 1 GB data and sophisticated
  software
• Cost for smartphone is 400-600

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Software Usage Summary
GIS Software Sector Number of Users
Server 2 million
Desktop 1.25 million
Developer 450,000
Other 400,000
Hand-held 200,000
Estimated

• Total size of GIS market 4 million users
• If consider Internet GIS users 10 million

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Traditional application fields

• Military
• Know Thy Enemy approach (tracking movements and
  strategies)
• Government
• Natural resource management, tax assessment
• Education
• Academic research in a variety of area, training
• Utilities
• Infrastructure, gas, electric

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Growing fields and uses

• Mid-1990s Increased business uses
• Banking and financial services
• Transportation logistics
• Real estate
• Market analysis
• 21st century
• SOHO and personal/consumer applications
• Security, Intelligence, and counter-terrorism

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• Application areas and examples

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Representative application areas

• Government and Public Service
• Business and Service Planning
• Logistics and Transportation
• Environment

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Government and Public Service
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Government and Public Service

• First to discover value of GIS
• CGIS national system for natural resource
  inventory and management
• Now used at all levels of government national to
  neighborhood
• Government users are biggest single group of GIS
  professionals
• Top down decision making supplemented with
  bottom up representation of real communities
• 70-80 local government work should involve GIS

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Local governments

• Common ways GIS is used
• Inventory resources and infrastructure
• Improve public service delivery
• Manage land development
• Generate revenue by increasing economic activity
• Typical GIS applications
• Monitoring health risks
• Managing public housing stock
• Allocating welfare assistance funds
• Tracking crimes

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Applications in local government

• Inventory applications
• Policy Analysis
• Management/Policy-Making applications

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Applications in local government

• Inventory applications
• Locating property information e.g., ownership
  and tax assessments
• County of San Diego
• Required to identify all landfills, hazardous
  waste facilities and recycling sites

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Applications in local government

• Policy Analysis applications
• e.g., proximity to land use or feature
• Caltrans
• Environmental Impact Report (EIR) required to
  assess proximity of endangered species to planned
  freeway

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Applications in local government

• Management/Policy-Making applications
• e.g., forecasting future housing needs
• California Cities
• Housing Element is required to determine number
  of new low-income homes needed

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Example of Local GovernmentGIS application
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GIS in tax assessment

• Tax Assessors Office is often first home of GIS
  in local government
• Assessors responsible for judging the value of
  all taxable properties in jurisdiction
• Details about properties include ownership,
  address, land and building value, and tax
  exemptions

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GIS in tax assessment

• Method
• GIS used to collect and mange geographic parcel
  boundaries and associated property information
• Basic tax assessment task involves database query
  to locate all sales of similar properties within
  a given distance
• Property to be valued is identified in property
  database
• Geographic query performed to pull values of all
  comparable properties within 1 mile radius of
  property
• Properties displayed on assessors screen

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GIS in tax assessment

• Result
• Assessor can compare the characteristics of
  properties (lot size, sales price, and date of
  sale, neighborhood status, property improvements,
  etc) and value the property

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Local government agenciesworking with GIS

• The County
• The eighteen cities
• SANDAG
• Caltrans
• San Diego County Water Authority
• Metropolitan Transit System and North County
  Transit District
• Port Authority

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Business and Service Planning
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Business and Service Planning

• Retailing applications perform the following
  functions
• Operational
• Day-to-day processing of routine transactions and
  inventory analysis (e.g., stock management)
• Tactical
• Allocation of resources to address specific
  problems (e.g., store sales promotions)
• Strategic
• Contribute to longer-term goals and mission,
  (e.g., entail problems such as opening new store)

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Geodemographics

• Indicators of consumer behavior available at
  small-level geography (e.g., CT or ZIP)
• Identify variations in the incidences of customer
  types
• Often supplemented by lifestyle data, such as
  shopping habits or consumption choices

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Market area analysis

• Assess the distribution of retail outlets
  relative to the greatest concentrations of
  potential customers
• Increasing field/service in many types of
  agencies, public and private
• Improves public service planning in health,
  education and law enforcement
• Geodemographics used as basis for analysis

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Examples of Business and Service PlanningGIS
applications
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Market area analysis 1

• City of Escondido abandoned Kmart site
• City contacted SANDAG to assist with the sale and
  redevelopment of abandoned site
• 19 acre site, located on Mission Avenue next to
  State Route 78, vacant since March 2003
• Land planned for redevelopment Mixed-use
  commercial and residential

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Escondido abandoned Kmart site

• Method
• Demographic data gathered to profile area
• Current and forecasted demographic and economic
  data (population, median income) aggregated for a
  10 mile radius of site
• Maps produced to display neighboring land uses,
  future plans, and area characteristics
• Existing land use, general plan, and population
  and housing density

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Escondido abandoned Kmart site

• Result
• Data used to predict the success of
• New commercial development in local market area,
• Sale of new housing units (based on similar house
  values)
• As marketing tool

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Market area analysis 2

• Tesco Grocery retailer in UK
• Success through
• Strategic diversification
• Store loyalty card program (e.g, Ralphs club
  card)
• Rewards members with coupons
• Generates lifestyles data (identify consumption
  profiles)
• Identify whether customers are value or
  quality driven
• Powerful marketing tool
• Acquisition of smaller neighborhood stores

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Market analysis suburban Tesco store

• Method
• Traditionally, leaflet drops or enclosure with
  free local newspapers
• With GIS, identify all households within a 1 km
  radius of store
• Two options
• Each address sent a flyer with coupons or
• Refine by overlaying geodemographic and
  lifestyles data onto target area
• Tailor coupon offerings to consumption patterns
  Beer or champagne coupons

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Market analysis suburban Tesco store

• Result
• Money saved on number of flyers (not) distributed
  
• Saved printing costs
• Saved trees

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Local private and nonprofit firms using GIS

• Workforce Partnership
• BMJ Marketing
• American Cancer Society
• Gemnological Institute of America
• YMCA
• North County Health Services
• Economic Planning Systems

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Logistics and Transportation
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Logistics and Transportation

• Deal with movement of goods and people from one
  place to another and infrastructure (highways,
  railroads, canals) that moves them

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Logistics and Transportation

• Logistics Companies (e.g., parcel delivery and
  shipping)
• Addresses the shipping and transportation of
  goods
• Organize operations, parcel routing, origins and
  destinations
• Where to put sorting warehouses and transfer
  facilities

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Logistics and Transportation

• Transportation Authorities
• New routes
• Where to build
• Highway conditions

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Logistics and Transportation

• Transit Authorities
• Plan routes and schedules
• keep track of vehicles and incidents that delay
  them
• Provide information to travelers
• All fields employ GIS applications to handle
  day-to-day operations

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Applications overview

• Each has two parts
• Static
• Deals with fixed infrastructure
• Dynamic
• Deals with vehicles, goods, and people that move
  on static part

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Transportation

• Historically, GIS easier to apply to static part
• Today, use of GPS
• Track vehicles as they move
• Transit authorities use to inform users of buses
  and trains
• Deal with emergency incidents occuring on
  transportation networks (OnStar)

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Logistics

• GIS helped many service and delivery companies to
  reduce operating costs in field
• Optimization
• Design of solutions to meet specified objectives
• E.g., A delivery company needs to deliver parcels
  to 200 locations in one shift, dividing work
  between 10 trucks
• Different ways of dividing the work, and routing
  vehicles, can result in differences in time
  cost
• GIS logistics applications determine optimal
  routes based on shortest distances, time of day,
  traffic volume

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Example of Transportation GIS application
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Planning for emergency evacuation

• Overview
• Tool allows neighborhoods to rate potential for
  problems associated with evaluation
• Develop plans accordingly
• Uses GIS database on distribution of population
  in neighborhoods
• Street patterns
• Result Evacuation vulnerability map
• Assumes worst-case scenario for location

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Planning for emergency evacuation

• How it works
• Assumes one vehicle to evacuate each household
• Looks further than household location
  (cul-de-sac? Street have only one exit?) to
  locate bottlenecks
• E.g., Densely packed neighborhood, single exit
  massive evacuation problem
• Resulting maps draw attention to areas of
  potential problems

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Evacuation vulnerability map

• Method
• Two types data for analysis
• Population and household counts, number of
  vehicles (Census)
• Street centerline files (Census TIGER and USGS)
• Both free

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Evacuation vulnerability map

• Analysis
• Begins at every street intersection, works
  outwards following street connections to reach
  new intersections
• Every connection tested for bottleneck (total
  number of vehicles/number of exit lanes)
• After all streets tested, worst-case value
  (vehicles per lane) assigned, resulting in
  network of values

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Local agencies working with transportation GIS

• Caltrans
• RBF Consulting
• Katz Okitsu Assoc.
• CH2MHILL
• Parsons and Wilbur Smith.

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Environment
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Environment

• Drove some of earliest GIS applications
• CGIS driven by need for policies over land use

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Environment

• Applications used to
• Measure land area for effective strategies
• Monitor land use change through remote sensing
  (loss of forest in Amazon basin)
• Compare environmental conditions prevailing in
  different nations

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Common application

• How urban sprawl occurs
• To understand environmental consequences and
  predict future ones
• Based on historic patterns of growth
• Location of roads
• Steep slopes and other undevelopable lands
• Other factors that encourage/restrict development
• Each presented on map as GIS layer
• Software simulates the processes that drive growth

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Simulation models

• Dynamic simulation models
• Computer programs design to simulate the
  operation of some part of human or environmental
  system over time
• Soil erosion
• Forest growth
• Groundwater movement
• Runoff

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Example of an Environmental GIS application
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Deforestation on Sibuyan Island

• Sibuyan Island, Philippines Overview
• Problem Deforestation poses major threat to
  biodiversity
• Objective Identify development scenarios to
  anticipate future land use and habitant change,
  and as a result anticipate changes in
  biodiversity
• Sibuyan small island (area 283 sq mi), steep
  forested mountain slopes, coastal land used for
  agriculture, mining and human settlement
• Biodiversity 700 plant species (54 only occur in
  Sibuyan)

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Deforestation on Sibuyan Island

• Method
• Qualitative
• List of factors influencing to land use patterns
• E.g., suitability of soil for agriculture (ideal
  or not) can increase likelihood that area will be
  stripped of forest and used for agriculture
• Quantitative GIS-based analysis
• Calculates the probabilities of land use
  transition under three scenarios of land use
  change

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Deforestation on Sibuyan Island

• Quantitative GIS-based analysis
• Scenario 1 Assumes no effective protection of
  forests on island
• Scenario 2 Protection of the designated natural
  park alone
• Scenario 3 Assumes protection not only of
  natural park but a GIS-defined buffer zone

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Deforestation on Sibuyan Island

• Techniques
• Digitizing of land features and classification of
  imagery to obtain a land use map
• Correlation and regression analysis between
  location factors and land use
• GIS simulates scenarios of future land use change
  based on different spatial policies
• Measures connectivity and fragmentation of
  forest, affecting ability of species to mix and
  breed without disturbance

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Deforestation on Sibuyan Island

• Results
• 3 land use change scenarios (maps)
• Show decreasing deforestation (increasing
  connectivity, decreasing fragmentation),
  respectively, from Scenario 1 to 3

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Local environmental agencies working with GIS

• AMEC Environmental
• KEA Environmental
• DUDEK
• EnviroMINE, Inc
• PBSJ
• TAIC
• HDR

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GIS and the Internet

• Through Internet map server technology, spatial
  data can be accessed and analyzed

Current wildfire perimeters are displayed with a
standard web browser, allowing fire managers to
better respond to fires while in the field and
helping homeowners to take precautionary measures
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GIS and the Internet

• Google Earth allows you to view or fly to
  areas, find businesses and get directions

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Review

• List the four main GIS software vendors.
• AutoDesk is the strongest GIS company in
  military, infrastructure and utility. (T/F)
• Intergraphs GIS product line is GeoMedia. (T/F)
• Smallworld is alive and going strong. (T/F)
• Desktop GIS software focuses on data creation.
  (T/F)
• Smartphone is a ______ GIS software system.
• Server GIS software has the highest number of
  users. (T/F)
• What are the four traditional fields of GIS
  applications?
• List three reasons more organizations are using
  GIS applications.
• A Management/Policy-Making application is an
  example of Business and Public Service
  applications. (T/F)
• Indicators of consumer behavior available at
  small-level geography is the definition of _____.
• ______ and _____ deal with movement of goods and
  people from one place to another and
  infrastructure that moves them.
• Urban sprawl is a common application in this area
  of GIS.
• Sibuyan is a desert in northern Africa. (T/F)
• What traditional fields helped define GIS?

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Remainder of Class

• Break
• Lab
• ESRI Products page
• Google Earth
• ESRI Chapter 3

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ESRI Products Overview

• Briefly describe the difference in
  functionalities between ArcExplorer, ArcReader,
  and ArcView.
• List the software names that can be downloaded
  for free.