Urban Ecologies

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Urban Ecologies

• Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong
• http//team.bk.tudelft.nl/ gteducation

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The ecologists view

• Andrewartha (1961)Ecology is the scientific
  study of the distribution and abundance of
  organisms.
• Krebs, C.J. (1972, 1992) Ecology is the
  scientific study of the the interactions that
  determine the distribution and abundance of
  organisms.
• Begon Harper Townsend (2005) Ecology is the
  scientific study of the the interactions that
  determine the distribution and abundance of
  organisms, populations and communities.

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The designers view state of dispersion(form)
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Alternatives of form states of dispersion at one
level of scale
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States of dispersionat different levels of scale
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Built and open space
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Possibilities for nature (HNS)
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Possibilities for recreation (HNS)
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Types of ecology
decreasing human centred approach
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A paradox of scale
One species, perhaps counting 80 unhealthy
specimens, is healthy enough to oust 1000 other
species on 1 new species by evolution per year.
Which risk do we count?
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Definitions of environment
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18 kinds of technical environments
Environment is the set conditions for life
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World population
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Agricultural surface
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Agricultural surface/person
New area by climate change?
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Climate change
The winners are Canada and Russia
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Yield per hectare
phosphate shortage?
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Chains of impacts
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Sources
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Emissions
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Exposure
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Dose-impact relationof SO2 on a range of metal
constructions in the Netherlands (1978)
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y 0.0015x
1.887
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R
2
0.9968
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6
5
Euro damage per inhabitant per year
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3
2
1
0
0
50
100
kg SO2/inhabitant
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Dose-impact relationon organisms
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Toxicology
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Costs of damage and quality
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Environmental standards
STANDARDS, applied to
the source
the emission
the dispersing medium
the object
product standards
emission standards
quality standards
exposure and immission
processing standards
emission ceilings
standards
EXAMPLES OF NON-NUMERICAL STANDARDS (Policy
starting-points)
Avoiding at the source (of
Combating at the source
standstill principle
no effect
the emission)
(of the emission)
Best technical means
no adverse effect
Most practical means
EXAMPLES OF NUMERICAL STANDARDS
Lead content of petrol
max. 99.2 metric ton CO
average of oxygen in the waters
EPEL value
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per year in the Netherlands
Main strategy from impact into source directed
standards
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Remaining impact-orientated policy
Zoning Heritages from the past Source directed
measures not in time Being prepared on
disasters Possible shortcomings of source
directed measures
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Zones around activities
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Zones around installations
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Target and intervention values
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Pollutants with priority
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From impact-into source-oriented policy
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Targets1 of maximally acceptable
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National environmental policy
Core aim The preservation of carrying capacity
for the benefit of sustainable development. (A
development meeting the needs of the current
generation without endangering the possibility of
future generations to meet their needs.)
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Environmental problems
GLOBAL Ozone layer Climate change
REGIONAL Accumulation Overfertilization Pesticides
Heavy metals Removal Soil pollution Drying out
CONTINENTAL Cross-border air pollution Ozone on
low level Acidification Winter smog Heavy metals
FLUVIAL Rivers Regional waters Salt waters Water
bottoms
LOCAL Noise nuisance Smell nuisance Air
pollution in the city Interior environment
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Elaboration targets into standards
Global Continental Conditions Fluvial
Values Regional Targets Local Standards
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Types of ecology
decreasing human centred approach
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Autecologypopulation and habitat
Gadwall duck (krakeend)
04 Garland Weed Class (eendekroosklasse)
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Types of ecology
decreasing human centred approach
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Synecologylife community and biotope
Klasse Orde Verbond Associatie Subassociatie
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Symbiosis
Tyria jacobaeae and common ragwort
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Breeding and host plant
water dock (waterzuring) V18,V19
large copper butterfy (grote vuurvlinder)
loosestrife (kattestaart) R27,R28, H27,H28,V17
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12 Weegbree-klasse
Alterra
CONCEPT Alterra
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42 Voedselarme eiken-beukenbossen-klasse
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Types of ecology
decreasing human centred approach
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Cybernetic variation
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Gradients (Van Leeuwen)
Gradient (limes divergens)
Disturbance (limes convergens)
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Ecologicaltolerance
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Gradient map
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Types of ecology
decreasing human centred approach
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System dynamicsOdum(1971)
Ecological group and biotope
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Local ecotopes, ecological groups
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Types of ecology
decreasing human centred approach
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Survival strategies
Vogelmuur P48,P68("ruderal")
Grote sleutelbloem G43,G47kr,H43,H47
("stress-tolerator")
Wilgenroosje R47,R67, H47,H62("competitor")
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Types of ecology
decreasing human centred approach
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Levels of scale (Pianka 1994)
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Time scales
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Spatial scale paradox
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Spatial scale articulation
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Ecological units
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Vegetation biodiversity
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R3km
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R1km
180 species
200 species
330 species
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National rareness of 500 urban plant species in
Zoetermeer
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Town ecology hypotheses
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Wall and tread plants urban areas
procumbent pearlwortliggend vetmuur P40mu
yellow corydalisgele helmbloem P40mu
ivy-leaved toadflaxmuurleeuwebek P40mu
plantainweegbree P48tr
shepherd's-purseherderstasje P48tr
knotgrassvarkensgras P48tr
annual meadow-grassstraatgras P48tr
pineapple weedschijfkamille P48tr
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Comparing and evaluating