Global urban demographic trends

1
Global urban demographic trends

• Global population is currently at 6.5 billion,
  and may reach 9-10 billion by 2050
• Urban-rural distribution has been changing, in
  favor of the urban
• 1970 3565
• 1995 4555
• 2015 55 45

2
Urban Demographic Trends in sub-Saharan Africa

• Rapid urban growth rate, 5-7 annually
• Urban population in 1930 8
• Urban Population in 1990 40
• Urban Population in 2004 46
• Projected urban population in 2020 50-55

3
Food insecurity in SSA

• Chronic food insecurity now affects some 28
  percent of the populationthat is, nearly 200
  million people who are suffering form
  malnutrition
• Famines are the most visible and extreme
  manifestation of acute food insecurity. Of 39
  countries world wide that faced food emergencies
  at the beginning of 2003, 25 were found in Africa
• Acute food insecurity in 2003 was affecting 38
  million people in Africa who are facing the
  outright risk of famine, with 24,000 dying form
  hunger daily
• The African continent is now the continent
  receiving most food aid, with some 30 million
  people requiring emergency food aid in any one
  year

4
Urban growth rates, undernourished urban
population ()

• Growth rate
  Undernourished
• Ethiopia 4.4 46
• Kenya 5.9 33
• Tanzania 6.8 44
• Zimbabwe 4.3 44
• Uganda 5.6 19
• Ghana 3.2 13

5
Food Security

• Physical and economic access by all people at all
  times to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to
  meet their dietary needs and food preferences for
  an active and healthy life.

6
Food Security Concept and Implications for UA

• Physical access
• - availability in terms of quantity
• - production of sufficient quantities of food of
  a
• reasonable variety and of an acceptable
  quality
• Economic access - affordability or
  ability to purchase
• Food preference - supply of a large variety of
  food
• Active and health life - supply of nutritious
  and safe foods

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What is Urban Agriculture?

• Urban Agriculture is the production of food
  within and at the periphery of cities
• Urban agriculture includes any activity
  associated with growing crops and some forms of
  livestock in or very near cities for local
  consumption, either by the producers themselves
  or by others when food is marketed (Rees 1997)
• Urban agriculture is an industry located within
  (intra-urban) or on the fringe (peri-urban) of a
  town, an urban centre, a city or metropolis which
  grows or raises, processes and distributes a
  diversity of food and non-food products and
  services found in an around that urban area, and
  in turn supplying human and material resources,
  products and services largely to that urban area
  (Mougeot, 1999)

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UA Roles Functions
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Significance of Urban Food Production
CITY Proportion of Urban Dwellers Involved in Urban Agriculture
Kano 75
Ougadougo 36
Yaounde 35
Zaria 80
Kumasi 25
Lusaka 45-60
Harare 80
Kampala 25-57
Nairobi Kitui Mombasa 29 57 30
Dar Es Salaam 44-70
Livestock keepers (goats, sheep and poultry) Livestock keepers (goats, sheep and poultry)
10
UA is generally characterized by

• closeness to markets,
• high competition for land,
• limited space,
• use of urban resources such as organic solid
  waste and wastewater,
• Low degree of farmer organization,
• Mainly perishable products (such as vegetables,
  fresh milk and poultry products), and
• High degree of specialization

11
Urban agricultural activities

• a) Plant production
• Vegetable production
• Fruit growing
• Viniculture (grapes)
• Flower growing
• Herbs, spices and medicine plant cultivation
• Ornamental plants
• Forestry aimed at fuel 9firewoood) building
  material supply, etc.
• Instant lawn production
• Fodder for livestock production
• b) Livestock production
• Cattle rearing for milk and meat
• Goat and sheep rearing for milk and meat
• Poultry production for meat and eggs
• Bees for honey
• c) Aqua Culture
• Fish for consumption

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Urban Agriculture Myths and Reality

• Urban agriculture means household and community
  gardening
• Urban agriculture is a temporary activity
• Urban agriculture is a marginal activity or means
  of survival
• UA preempts higher land uses and cannot pay
  full land rent
• UA competes with and is less efficient than rural
  farming
• UA is unhygienic

13
Positive impacts of UA on the environment and
ecology of cities

• Improves environmental health
• Improves micro-climate
• helps increase humidity, lower temperature and
  introduce more pleasant odors to the city
• captures dust and gases from polluted air through
  deposition and capture by the foliage of plants
  and trees, and soils and
• helps break wind and intercept solar radiation,
  creating shadow and protected places

14
Contd

• Conserve urban soils growing of trees, crops and
  other greenery in cities will help keep urban
  soils fertile
• Minimizes waste in cities and to improve nutrient
  recycling. The relation between urban agriculture
  and waste management is most pronounced in the
  use of organic wastes
• Improve water management green spaces with
  permeable land surfaces allow rainwater and
  runoff to drain through the soil

15
Contd

• Reduces the risks of landslide and flooding
• Uses waste water to irrigate land
• Improve biodiversity
• Increases environmental awareness of city
  inhabitants

16
Negative Impacts of UA

• Contamination of crops with pathogenic organism
  (e.g. bacterial protozoa, viruses or helminthes)
  due to irrigation by water from polluted streams
  or inadequately treated wastewater or organic
  solid waste
• Human diseases transferred from diseases vectors
• Contamination of crops and/or drinking water by
  residues of agrochemicals
• Contamination of crops by uptake of heavy metals
  from contaminated soils, air or water
• Human diseases associated with unsanitary post
  harvest processing, marketing and preparation of
  locally produced food.

17
Risk-Mitigating Measures

• Plant further away from roadsides
• Grow seeds and tubers, instead of leafy
  vegetables in polluted soils or near polluted
  rivers because metal absorption rates are lower
  for the former
• Advocate and encourage the utilization of
  treated, instead of raw waste water for vegetable
  production
• Restrict the use of untreated waste water to
  irrigate non-food crops, tree-crops, food crops
  eaten cooked, ornamentals and livestock feeds
• Encourage the utilization of irrigation
  techniques with reduced chances of contaminating
  crops

18
Barriers to UA development

• Access to land
• Access to finance
• Knowledge and skills
• Access to water
• Legal and regulatory requirements
• Lack of infrastructure
• Security/theft
• Lack of improved tools (very labor intensive)

19
Can UA have forward and backward linkages in the
urban economy?

• UA can present a niche for a sub-cluster
  development. Some examples
• nurseries to supply seed and seedlings to
  food grower
• Agri-supply storesto supply food growers and
  farmers tools, equipment, fertilizers, pesticides
  and irrigation systems, etc.
• Maintenance services such as repairs for water
  pumps and irrigation systems, tools and
  equipment, fences, etc.
• Garden services to maintain gardens pruning of
  trees, weed, and pest control and refuse removal

20
Contd

• Extension and management services to give advice
  with regard to production, harvesting and
  marketing as well as business administration and
  project management.
• Production services such as renting out of
  equipment and tools, plowing of fields,
  vaccination of animals, etc.
• Agri-processing businesses (e.g. packaging
  facilities and neighborhood abattoirs and
  processing of dairy products).

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UA Scenes from West Africa
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Irrigated urban vegetable production in front of
the Ministry of Finance in Cotonou, Benin
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An open-space site in Accra, Ghana used for
vegetable cultivation. There are about 12 ha
irrigated around the Dzorwulu electric power
station and a storm water drain
.
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Freetown, Sierra Leone Farmers use raised beds
for vegetable farming. Water is applied through
furrows, or else with buckets or cans from the
stream or shallow wells
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Next 4 pictures Water lifting via treadle and
motor pump form tubewells into small tanks along
the beach of Lome, Togo. A series of tanks can be
connected through tubes to shorten distances for
irrigation with watering cans
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Next 4 slides Water lifting from a polluted
channel in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso (with rope,
above right) and a stream in Accra (below). The
photograph above left (also in Ouagadougou) shows
how irrigation water from the stream is conveyed
in bulk to fields more than 50-100 m from the
water source.
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Ornamental plant production located mainly along
the sides of major road or in the most wealthy
areas of Cotonou, Benin
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Vegetable farm in Cotonou, Benin near the Hotel
Sheraton
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SIBEAU's sewage-treatment site east of Cotonou,
Benin, with maize
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The ministers of environment and health inspect
the composting site in Hévié.
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UA Scenes from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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