Distillation

1
Distillation
2
Setup to heat a solution
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry
2002, page 42
3
A Heros Fountain
Glass retort
mixture for distillation placed
in here
long spout helps vapors to condense
Furnace
Eyewitness Science Chemistry , Dr. Ann Newmark,
DK Publishing, Inc., 1993, pg 13
4
A Distillation Apparatus
Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of
Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 282
5
The solution is boiled and steam is driven off.
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry
2002, page 39
6
Salt remains after all water is boiled off.
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry
2002, page 39
7
No chemical change occurs when salt water is
distilled.
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry
2002, page 40
8
Separation of a sand-saltwater mixture.
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry
2002, page 40
9
Separation of Sand from Salt

• Gently break up your salt-crusted sand with a
  plastic spoon.
• Follow this flowchart to make a complete
  separation.

Salt- crusted sand.
Weigh the mixture.
Pour into heat-resistant container.
Fill with water.
Stir and let settle 1 minute.
Dry sand.
Decant clear liquid.
Weigh sand.
Calculate weight of salt.
No

• How does this flow
• chart insure a complete
• separation?

Wet sand.
Evaporate to dryness.
Repeat 3 times?
Yes
10
Four-stroke Internal Combustion Engine
11
Different Types of Fuel Combustion
Gasoline (octane)
2 C8H18 25 O2 ? 16 CO2 18 H2O
Methanol (in racing fuel)
__CH3OH __O2 ?__CO2 __H2O
12
Combustion Chamber

• The combustion chamber is the area where
  compression and combustion take
  place.
• Gasoline and air must be mixed in the correct
  ratio.

13
The Advantages of Methanol - Burning Engines

• Methanol can run at much higher compression
  ratios, meaning that you can get more power
  from the engine on each piston stroke.
• Methanol provides significant cooling when it
  evaporates in the cylinder, helping to keep the
  high-revving, high-compression engine from
  overheating.
• Methanol, unlike gasoline, can be extinguished
  with water if there is a fire. This is an
  important safety feature.
• The ignition temperature for methanol (the
  temperature at which it starts burning) is much
  higher than that for gasoline, so the risk of an
  accidental fire is lower.

14
A Race Car - Basic Information

• At 900 hp, it has about two to three times the
  horsepower of a "high-performance" automotive
  engine. For example, Corvettes or Vipers might
  have 350- to 400-horsepower engines.
• At 15,000 rpm, it runs at about twice the rpm of
  a normal automotive engine. Compared to a normal
  engine, an methanol engine has larger pistons and
  the pistons travel a shorter distance up and down
  on each stroke.
• The motor is lighter. This lowers their inertia
  and is another factor in the high rpm.