From the Beginning

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From the Beginning

• Chapter 1

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In the beginning

• Some 225 million year ago, the earth had one main
  chunk of land (Pangaea) which later drifted
  apart.
• How do we know?- Science has found nearly
  identical species of animals thousands of miles
  away from one another
• The current geographical shape was anchored in
  the NE by the CANADIAN SHEILD- massive rock that
  most likely was the first land to emerge from the
  sea in North America

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Its Cold In Here

• During the last ice age, glaciers extended well
  into what would become the US
• The melting, retreating glaciers helped to fill
  such land features as the Great Lakes and helped
  to flatten much of the North (Indiana)
• Due to lower water levels, it is believed that
  the first humans to come to NA followed big game
  across the land bridge- BERINGIA which connected
  Eurasia and NA.

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http//www.thefurtrapper.com/images/Beringia.jpg
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Great American Civilizations

• When waters rose, the inhabitants were on their
  own
• By the time Columbus sailed, there were an
  estimated 54 million people in the Americas which
  established as many as 2000 separate languages
  and tribes
• The INCAS, MAYANS, and AZTECS established
  advanced civilizations in what is today Mexico
  and South America

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Good Ole Corn on the Cob

• Once the early civilizations were able to
  domesticate crops (mainly MAIZE- Indian Corn),
  hunter and gathers began to settle which allowed
  for advancement
• The PUEBLO developed irrigation systems to carve
  a life out of the arid Southwest
• Corns expansion took time and as a result no
  NATION-STATES (small nations) comparable to the
  Aztecs and Incas developed outside of Mexico by
  the time the Europeans came

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Closer to Home

• Mound Builders of the Ohio River Valley,
  Mississippian culture, and the Anasazi did
  develop large settlements
• CAHOKIA, near modern day St. Louis, MO, was the
  largest in what will become the U.S. with as many
  people as 25,000
• The Anasazi developed Chaco Canyon with more than
  600 integrated rooms
• All of these cultures, probably because of
  drought, declined by 1300 C.E.

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Three Sisters Farming

• Advancement in farming, such as THREE SISTERS
  FARMING (with the blending of farm lands and
  better moisture management) larger civilizations
  developed in the Southeast- Creek, Choctaw, and
  Cherokee

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Iroquois

• Located in the northeastern woodlands
• Closest thing to a Aztec / Inca like civilization
• The leader HIAWATHA helped to create the
  IROQUOIUS CONFEDERACY
• The LEAGUE OF THE IROQUOIS (whites name) were
  the main power in the northeast and menaced their
  neighbors- both Native and Europeans
• FIVE NATIONS OF IROQUOIS- Mohawks, Oneidas,
  Onodagas, Cayu, and Senecas
• Although they worked with each other, they were
  still independent
• Through out colonization, they aligned with the
  French against the English and the English
  against the French (They were playing the sides
  against each other)
• When the American Revolution broke out, the
  Iroquois Confederacy could not decided as a whole
  to support so each tribe made their own decision
• Most sided with the British
• When the British lost, the Confederacy was in
  left in tatters and was split

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Indirect Discovers of the New World

• The Norse Men came upon the north-eastern should
  of NA in 1000 C.E.
• Eric the Red was a Viking that started a
  settlement in Greenland
• Leif Ericson, (a son of Eric the Red) thought to
  be first European in North America
• The Crusades- Knights of Europe repeatedly
  attempted to gain control of the Holy Lands- most
  often they failed but the desire to get Asia
  goods will later lead them to sail this way
• MARCO POLOs account of Asia help fuel the fire
  for these exotic items

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Africa First to Go

• By 1450, the Portuguese (the leaders of marine
  exploration) developed the CARAVEL (a ship that
  could sail better into strong, Northerly wind)
  which opened the West African coast
• Slavery was already used between Arabs and
  Africans before Europe got involved
• The Portuguese built their own systematic
  traffic of slaves to work sugar plantations
• In the last 1/2 of the 15th century- some 40,000
  slaves were taken

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The Indies

• Portugal kept pushing down the dark continent
• 1498, Vasco da Gama finally reached India

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The Perfect Storm

• The perfect storm- The Renaissance (Rebirth) in
  the 14th century spawned an ambitious spirit of
  optimism and adventure, and the Printing Press
  (GUTENBERG) helped to expand scientific
  knowledge, the taking of Africa meant needed to
  look elsewhere
• Improvements in mapmaking, navigation, and new
  ships allowed them to be able travel further
  distances
• The compass helped to keep ships on track

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Spain Ferdinand and Isabella

• Monarchs of Spain
• Christopher Columbus (Italian) convinced F I to
  give him to sail
• An all water route to the West Indies was
  preferable to the treacherous all-land route
  (tough terrain and high taxes, etc.)
• Despite near mutiny, he arrived in the Bahamas on
  October 12, 1492
• Epic Fail?- His real goal was to find an all
  water route to the Indies
• He thought he was there- hence- Indians

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Columbian Exchange

• Brought four continents together Europe, Africa,
  North and South America
• COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE- Because of his trip, a major
  exchange of goods, services, diseases, and ideas
  took place between the New and Old World which
  became known as the Columbian Exchange

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Columbian Exchange
Americas to Europe Europe to Americas
Potatoes Tomatoes Sugar, Tea, Coffee
Maize, (Corn) Horses, pigs, sheep, goats, cattle, rats
Tobacco Diseases (smallpox, measles, whooping cough, bubonic plague, malaria, yellow fever )
Chocolate Asian cockroaches, Japanese beetle
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Native American Culture

• Way of life varied based on location Farmers,
  Nomadic, etc. Not all Native Americans are the
  same
• Organized by kinship groups Clans and tribes
• Followed religious rituals and believed in
  earthly spirits and forces Believed in multiple
  spirits of the earth such as wind, fire, rain,
  etc.
• Oral History and tradition
• Used barter system across regions
• BELIEVED LAND SHOULD NOT AND COULD NOT BE OWNED-
  It was everybodys

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European World

• Strongly influenced by the Catholic Church (Later
  the Church of England will have influence)
• Feudalism (during middle ages) People worked the
  land in exchange for services and protection
  Kept people tied to the land
• Nation-states begin to form controlled by
  monarchs (kings and queens)
• Experimentation during Renaissance, Humanism
  (focused on the needs, desires, and wants of
  people)

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European Culture Continued

• Protestant Churches- Different Christian sects
  began to form
• Wanted to spread CHRISTIANITY, find markets and
  raw RESOURCES, and valued EXPLORATION GOD, GOLD,
  and GLORY

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Ferdinand Magellan (Portuguese)

• Ferdinand Magellan sailed around the southern tip
  of South America.
• His crew made the first round trip around the
  world. His ship the Victoria made it around the
  world.
• He named the Pacific Ocean because it was so
  peaceful.

Picture Credit http//www.mariner.org/age/magella
n.html
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Amerigo Vespucci

• Amerigo Vespucci
• He wanted to find a star above the South pole to
  help sailors navigate.
• He never found the star, but he did help map
  3,300 miles of land in South America.
• America was named after him.

Picture Credit http//www.esd.k12.ca.us/Matsumoto
/TM30/history/Explorers/vespmap.html
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Treaty of Tordesillas

• Many times, both Spain and Portugal claimed the
  same areas of land
• Pope Alexander gave an order- he drew an
  imaginary line and the land west of the line were
  Spain's and the lands east were Portugal
• Later this line was extended to the west and
  became known as the Treaty of Tordesillas
• So what?- Explains why Brazil speaks Portuguese
  and the majority of SA speaks Spanish

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The Slave Trade

• Europeans attempted to enslave Native Americans
  but that did not work well? Why?
• Europeans started to depend on African slaves to
  fill the need
• By the 1600s, the trading of slaves was the chief
  focus of European relations with Africa
• Portion between Africa and the Americas was known
  as the Middle Passage
• Trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas
  was known as the Triangular Trade

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Spanish and Dutch Empires
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Encomienda

• System established in the Caribbean
• It allowed the government to commend or give
  Natives to colonists if they promised to baptize
  them (Pg. 18) AKA- SLAVERY

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Ponce de Leon

• He went with Christopher Columbus on his 2nd
  voyage in 1493. He stayed there and became the
  1st European to live on the mainland of North
  America.
• He was Looking for the fountain of youth
• He found Puerto Rico and became governor there.
• He also found Florida and named it "Pascua de
  Florida" (feast of flowers) after a Spanish
  Easter holiday because he found Florida on Easter!

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Hernando De Soto

• He Sailed for Spain
• His time in the USA was spent exploring Florida
  down to Mexico looking for gold.
• He did find the Mississippi River.

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Francisco Coronado

• He spent his time looking for the 7 cities of
  gold!
• He was considered a failure because he didnt
  find gold, but laid claim of entire Southwest for
  Spain
• Grand Canyon

http//www.mce.k12tn.net/explorers/spanishexplorer
s.htm
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Hernando Cortes

• Hernando Cortes came to Mexico.
• He was a Spanish Conquistador (conquerors)
• The Aztecs thought he might be a god since he was
  the 1st white person they had ever seen and he
  was traveling on the back of deer(Pg. 19) so
  they sent gifts- only encouraged Cortes
• The Aztecs attacked on noche triste (sad night)-
  June 30, 1520 and forced the Spaniards back
• Hernando Cortes laid seize to the capital-
  Tenochtitlan and due to superior and disease
  conquered it and the Aztecs on August 13, 1521.
• The Emperor Montezuma was killed in 1520.

Picture Credit http//www.pwcs.edu/i-tech/resourc
es/tlcf/EarlyExploration/hernando_cortes.htm
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Francisco Pizarro

• Spanish Conquistador
• He explored Peru.
• Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incas and stole
  their gold and silver.

Picture Credit http//www.mce.k12tn.net/explorers
/spanishexplorers.htm
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Mercantilism

• Economic and political changes linked overseas
  expansion to a new economic theory
• Mercantilism stated that a countrys government
  should do all it could to increase the countrys
  wealth, which was measured by the amount of
  bullion (gold and silver) they had.
• To get wealth, one had to take from other
  countries
• CAPITALISM- Was also established due to the
  increase in the silver supply as a result of the
  explorations

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Commercial Revolution

• The changes in ways of doing business led to the
  Commercial Revolution
• During this time period, individuals would join
  together to form joint-stock companies- people
  would buy shares and become owners in the hopes
  of finding similar success (England)- Jamestown

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Spread of the Spanish

• Due to stories of Coronados exploits, the
  Spanish crept north
• Battle of Acoma- the Spanish conquered and abused
  (cut one foot off)a large number of Pueblo and
  established the area as a province of New Mexico
  and made the capital Santa Fe in 1610
• The Spanish found little in the way of gold or
  furs, so they attempted to convert the Natives to
  Christianity (often times violently)
• This led to Popes Rebellion in 1680
• The Pueblo destroyed every Catholic Church and
  killed preists and hundreds of Spanish settlers
• Would take around 50 years before Spain regain
  control

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Mestizos

• The Spanish brought their customs, laws, and
  culture to Mexico and the American Southwest
• They intermarried with the surviving Indians and
  the result was the MESTIZOS- people with mixed
  Indian and European heritage and blood

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GOD, GOLD, GLORY

• Remember the easy way to summarize the desires of
  the Spanishs exploration (and later other
  countries)is GOD, GOLD, and GLORY

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England and France Come Calling
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John Cabot

• At age 16, he began studying sailing and mapping.
• He moved to England and got the King to support
  his exploration.
• He is important because his exploration for
  England gave England the right to the eastern
  portion of what would become the USA.

Picture Credit http//www.heritage.nf.ca/explorat
ion/cabot.html
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ROBERT LaSALLE (FRENCH)

• Mainly French explored Indiana first
• Vincennes- First permanent settlement in 1732
• Explored the Mississippi River down to New
  Orleans
• Help France lead FUR TRADE

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SIR FRANCIS DRAKE (ENGLAND)

• Weakened Spanish Armada- Nearly invincible
  Spanish Navy
• Attacked Spains St. Augustine, FL- Oldest
  permanent settlement in U.S.A

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SIR WALTER RALEIGH (ENGLAND)

• Attempted to set up colony at Roanoke- 2nd
  attempted failed because the inhabitants
  disappeared
• Opened the door for later English colonies

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HENRY HUDSON (ENGLAND)

• Explored for Northwest Passage- Found Hudson Bay
• During return mutiny broke out and he was cast
  off ship- never seen again