FEM 3101 PSIKOLOGI PERKEMBANGAN KANAK-KANAK

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FEM 3101PSIKOLOGI PERKEMBANGAN KANAK-KANAK
REMAJA
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TOPIC 8Adolescence Physical Development
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ADOLESCENT?WHO?

• A young person going through enormous changes
  in life
• Body Appearances (size, proportion shape)
• Intellectual abilities
• Adaptation to public expectation about his
  behavior
• Adolescence is a time of transition from
  childhood to adulthood
• Aged 11 -19 years old

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Western perspectives towards adolescent
development based on

• Chronological
• Physiological
• Social Responsibilities
• Mental/Intellectual abilities

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Chronological Aspect

• 3 stages of adolescent development
• Early Adolescent (11-14 years old)
• Middle Adolescent (15-17 years old)
• Late Adolescent (18-19 years old)

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Physiological

• Focus on
• Growth changes (breast, body hair, voice, etc)
• Body composition (body fat, bigger body, chest/
  buttock widen, slimmer waist, etc.)
• Respiratory system
• Development of sexual functioning ? maturity,
  reproductive organ functioning
• Growth Spurt

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Social Responsibilities

• Focused on
• Intellectual abilities parallel to parents and
  community expectation.
• Adolescent must be aware of his/her
• Responsibilities as a member of his/her
  community (community have specific expectation
  on them)
• How to behave

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Mental/Intellectual abilities

• Focus on
• Adolescent thinking skills
• Must be parallel to their cognitive development
• Differs from children
• Abstract and more complex thinking skill

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What physical changes do adolescents experience?

• Adolescence is a time of considerable physical
  and psychological growth and change!
• ADOLESCENCE is the developmental stage between
  childhood and adulthood.
• The age at which adolescence begins and ends is
  imprecise, partly because society is unclear
  about the roles of people in this stage (no
  longer children, not yet adults)

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The Rapid Pace of Growth During Adolescence

• Extreme changes in height and weight are common
• Termed the adolescent growth spurta period of
  rapid growth changes in height and weight
• The rate of growth matches the high growth rate
  of infancy
• On average, boys grow 4.1 inches in height each
  year, girls 3.5 inches
• Girls begin their growth spurts earlier (aprox. 2
  years) and complete them earlier
• By age 13, boys are taller on average

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Puberty The Start of Sexual Maturation

• PUBERTY is the period when sexual organs mature,
  beginning earlier for girls than for boys.
• Girls begin puberty about 11 or 12 boys begin at
  13 or 14.

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Sexual Maturation
The changes in sexual maturation that occur for
males and females during early adulthood.
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What triggers puberty?

• Environmental cultural factors play a role in
  age of puberty.
• MENARCHE, the onset of menstruation, varies in
  different parts of the world and even with
  affluence levels.
• More affluent, better nourished, healthier girls
  start menstruation earlier.
• Menarche age in the US has declined since 19th
  century.

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Body Image Reactions to Physical Changes in
Adolescence

• Body Image involves an adolescent's own reactions
  to these physical changes.
• Western society's views of menarche have become
  more positive than they used to be so girls tend
  to have higher self-esteem and self-awareness
  when they begin menstruating.
• Boys first ejaculation is roughly equivalent to
  girls menarche, but it is rarely discussed (and
  less anxiety provoking than menarche).
• The development of PRIMARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS
  involves organs and structures of the body
  related to reproduction.
• SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS involve the visible
  signs of sexual maturity that do not involve sex
  organs directly

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Stages in adolescent
developmentEarly Adolescent (11-14 years old)

• Rapid body changes
• Weight changes
• Breast development
• Eventual onset of menses
• Onset of puberty ? boys will display boys
  characteristics and girls will show girls
  characteristics/attributes.
• Girls reach puberty faster than boys.
• Sign of puberty
• menstruation in girls (menarch) 12-14
• First ejaculation in boys ? 12-13 years old
  (semenarch)
• Rapid Psychomotor development ? physical
  changes, appetite increases.

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Stages in adolescent developmentEarly
Adolescent (11-14 years old)

• Girls
• Earlier physical changes/ development than boys ?
  bigger taller (9-10)
• Breast hip bigger
• Start menstruation
• Reproductive organ
• Ovary functioning
• Fats deposited hip breast

• Boys
• 2 or 3 years later than girls (11-12)
• Muscles hard/tougher
• Shoulder chest widen
• Skin coarser, active sweat glands acne
  tendency.
• Moustache, beard
• Voice change- coarse/deep)
• Hair in armpit/pubic
• Reproductive organ bigger functioning

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Stages in adolescent development Middle
Adolescent (15-17 years old)

• According to Stanley Hall adolescent stage
  is the stage of Storm Stress ? i.e.
  the stage of challengers turmoil
• Hormonal physical change ? affect psychosocial
  development (life styles)
• Feeling unsure restless
• Emotional
• Moody
• Physical dev ?leave various impact on
  adolescent.

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Stages in adolescent development Middle
Adolescent (15-17 years old)

• Girls
• Body structure ? women
• Height ? slower rate
• Voice ? sweeter
• Acne weight problem
• Body hair (pubic, armpit)
• Sexual potency increases

• Boys
• Body structure ? men
• Height ? faster rate than girls of same age.
• Voice ? coarser
• Acne weight problem
• Body hair (pubic, armpit)
• First ejaculation ? without force/assistance

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Stages in adolescent developmentLate
Adolescent (18-19 years old)

• Time of resolution of body image
• More confident in personal identity
• Appearance Boys Girls ? almost like adult ? a
  lot different from child.
• Teenage girls may become overly sensitive about
  their weight
• (A small percentage of adolescent girls (1-3)
  become so obsessed with their weight that they
  develop severe eating disorders such as anorexia
  nervosa or bulimia)

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Stages in adolescent developmentLate
Adolescent (18-19 years old)

• Girls
• Height ? stops growing at 18
• Nearing adult world ? almost complete
• Regular menstruation cycle
• Blood pressure heart beat ? equivalent to an
  adult.
• Red blood cell ? increases/normal

• Boys
• Height ? stops growing at 21
• Nearing adult world ? almost complete
• Sexual potential increases gradually
• Blood pressure heart beat ? equivalent to an
  adult.
• Red blood cell ? increases/normal

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The Timing of Puberty

• The timing of puberty is a key factor for how
  adolescents react to it.
• Early maturation is often difficult for girls.
• Early maturing girls tend to be more popular but
  they may not be ready to deal with dating
  situations.
• Reactions depend on cultural norms (country and
  community).
• For boys ? Early maturation is generally
  positive.
• Early maturing boys tend to be better at
  athletics, be more popular, have more positive
  self-esteem, and grow up to be more cooperative
  and responsible.
• On the other hand, these boys also are more
  likely to have school difficulties and become
  more involved.
• Late maturation is difficult for boys ? often
  lead to declines in self-concept which can extend
  into adulthood

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The Timing of Puberty, continued

• For late maturing girls the picture is
  complicated.
• Late maturing girls can be overlooked and have
  low social status at first.
• However, when they catch up their self-esteem is
  high

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HEALTH RISK BEHAVIOR
PROBLEMS AMONG ADOLESCENTS
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COMMON ADOLESCENT PROBLEMS

• Hormonal change
• Emotional turmoil ? storm stress (Hall)
• Conflict of interest with parents
• Change of body structure
• Worried about physical changes
• Confuse about the changes
• Embarrassed
• Dietary
• Weight problem (obesity)
• Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia
• Psychosexual development
• Higher sexual drive ? stressful confuse
• Psychological change
• Aware of gender differences
• Girls often felt afraid/embarrassed/ worried

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Nutrition, Food Eating Disorders During
Adolescence

• Food eating disorders become a focus during
  adolescence.
• The adolescent growth spurt requires an increase
  in food (especially key nutrients such as calcium
  and iron).
• Several key nutrients are essential during this
  period, especially calcium and iron
• The major nutritional issue for many teens
  ?eating a balance of appropriate foods ? Obesity
  is a common concern during adolescence.
• The psychological consequences of adolescent
  obesity are severe since while body image is a
  key focus.
• Potential health consequences of obesity are also
  of concern

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Nutrition, Food Eating Disorders During
Adolescence

• ANOREXIA NERVOSA is a severe eating disorder in
  which individuals refuse to eat, while denying
  that their behavior and appearance, which may
  become skeletal, are out of the ordinary.
• BULIMIA is an eating disorder characterized by
  binges on large quantities of food, followed by
  purges of the food through vomiting or the use of
  laxatives.
• A chemical imbalance results from constant
  vomiting or diarrhea.
• This can have serious effects, including heart
  failure

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Nutrition, Food Eating Disorders During
Adolescence

• Eating disorders are products of both biological
  and environmental causes so treatment involves
  multiple approaches.
• Psychotherapy
• Cognitive-behavioral techniques
• Dietary modifications
• Stress management

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Adolescent Health Issues

• Teen deaths (gt80) ages 15-24 years
• Main cause - violence
• Accidents
• Suicides
• Homicides
• 4 out of 5 are males
• Female morbidity
• Pregnancy
• STD
• Running away
• Suicide
• Risk Behaviors
• Substance abuse (drugs abuse/alcohol etc)
• Early sexual experimentation with multiple
  partners
• Depression
• School/learning problems
• Family problems
• Abuse

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Some theories of why adolescents try illegal
drugs exist

• Perceived pleasurable experience
• Escape from daily pressures
• The thrill of doing something illegal
• A number of role-models use drugs
• Peer pressure.
• ADDICTIVE DRUGS produce a biological or
  psychological dependence in users, leading to
  increasingly powerful cravings for them.
• A major danger of drugs as escapism is that
  adolescent never learns to confront original
  problem so never learns the problem-solving.

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Alcohol use gets beyond control for a
substantial number of teenagers!

• ALCOHOLICS are persons with alcohol problems who
  have learned to depend on alcohol and are unable
  to stop their drinking.
• Stress may trigger drinking and alcoholism for
  some teens
• Alcoholism tends to run in familiesnature vs.
  nurture debate (genetic predisposition or
  environmental stress

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Tobacco Why Smoke?

• Smoking is considered hip and sexy.
• Nicotine can produce biological and psychological
  dependency.
• Smoking produces a pleasant emotional state that
  smokers seek to maintain.
• Exposure to parents smoking and peer smoking
  increases the chances that an adolescent will
  take up the habit.
• Smoking is sometimes seen as an adolescent rite
  of passage, being seen as a sign of growing up.

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Sexually Transmitted Diseases

• AIDS (ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME) a
  sexually transmitted disease, produced by the HIV
  virus and has no cure and ultimately causes death
  ? transmitted through the exchange of bodily
  fluids (usually sexual contact).
• AIDS is one of the leading causes of death among
  young people!
• Other sexually transmitted diseases commonly
  transmitted include
• ChlamydiA is the most common sexually transmitted
  disease, caused by a parasite.
• Genital Herpes is a common sexually transmitted
  disease in which is a virus, and not unlike cold
  sores that sometimes appear around the mouth.
• Trichomoniasis, is an infection caused by a
  parasite.
• Gonorrhea and syphilis used to be deadly but can
  now be treated with antibiotics