From Isolation to Westernization

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From Isolation to Westernization

• Chapter 18 The Rise of Russia

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Independence

• Ivan III gained political experience collecting
  taxes for the Mongols
• Freed most of Russia by 1462
• Freed Moscow by 1480
• Ivan III emerges as leader
• Carefully managed contact with the West
• Commercial and Cultural disadvantage

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Russia after Independence

• Centuries of isolation led to decline and
  stagnation
• Low literacy
• Feudal organization
• Almost non-existent trade
• Mostly Orthodox Christians

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Ivan the Great (III)
I am the autocrat of all the Russians!

• Married niece of Byzantine Emperor
• Insisted Russia was the Third Rome
• Named himself Czar

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Ivan the Terrible
Fear Me!

• Expansion
• Killed Boyars to increase power
• Ruled with terror

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Expansion

• The Ivans focused on expansion into central Asia
• Want to push back Mongols
• Recruit Cossacks to settle pioneer lands
• 16th Century gain control of
• Caspian Sea
• Siberia

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Expansion

• Czars took advantage of new lands as gifts for
  nobles
• New trade routes
• Russia becomes huge multicultural empire
• Late 16th Century begin looking west for cultural
  cues

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The Time of Troubles

• Ivan the Terrible dies without an heir
• Power struggles between boyars
• Sweden and Poland attack while Russia is weak
• 1613, Romanovs chosen to rule
• Surprisingly, czars dont lose power

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Michael Romanov

• Reestablished order
• Drove out invaders
• Gained control of Ukraine

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Alexis Romanov

• Abolished noble assemblies
• Gained control over Orthodox Church
• Exiled Old Believers to Siberia

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Peter the Great

• Inherits large but medieval, agricultural Empire
• Wants to adopt some western ideas
• Rules as autocrat, not interested in parliaments
• Hires bureaucrats to run government
• Builds professional army and navy

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Moscow
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• Set up secret police
• Gained territory
• Moved capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg

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St. Petersburg
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Paris and Versailles (France)
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Peter the Greats Westernization

• Built modern European style army and Russias 1st
  navy
• Systemized laws
• Revised tax structure
• Built up metallurgy and mining to support
  military
• Western styles

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What Peter didnt change

• Limited urbanization no real middle class
• Gender roles remain the same
• Serfs lives do not change
• Non-military technology does not change
• Didnt attempt to increase international trade

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Catherine the Great
Catherine the Great wrote her own epitaph, or
gravestone inscription. When she had ascended
to the throne of Russia, she wished to do good
and tried to bring happiness, freedom, and
prosperity to her subjects. She forgave easily
and hated no one. She was good natured and easy
going she had a cheerful temprament, republican
sentiments, and a kind heart. She had
friends. Work was easy for her she loved
sociability and the arts.
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Catherine the Great

• Practiced selective westernization
• Advocated a strong monarchy
• Claimed to be an Enlightened Despot
• Built a bureaucracy mostly from the nobility
  (aristocracy, not middle class)
• Landlords maintained control over peasants

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Catherine the Great

• Refused to emancipate the serfs
• Put down the Pugachev rebellion

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Catherine the Great

• Patronized western styled art
• Encouraged nobility to get educated in Europe
• Fought Ottoman Empire to win a port on the Black
  Sea
• Partitioned Poland with Austria and Prussia

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Catherine the Great

• When the French Revolution began in 1789,
  Catherine, fearing revolution spilling into
  Russia, isolated the empire from the west

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Major Themes

• Serfdom majority of people were serfs who did
  agricultural work
• Law passed in 1785 allowed landlords to harshly
  punish serfs for major offenses
• Very limited trade, aimed at strengthening
  military
• Extremely limited middle class

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Major Themes

• Most people were loyal to the Czar, but hated
  their landlords
• Empire expanded east, west, and south

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How Russia differed from the West

• Very feudal, local lords exercised incredible
  power
• Did not experience cultural growth like the West
• Because it wasnt Catholic, no involvement in
  Protestant Reformation

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Changes in Russia by 1750

• Gained warm water ports on Baltic and Black Seas
• Sought and gained cultural access to the West
• Unlike China and Japan, Russia wanted to engage
  with and emulate aspects of the West

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