Title: Museum Entrance
1Museum Entrance
The Native American Housing Museum
Welcome to the Native American Housing Museum
Press for Curator
Wickiups
Longhouses
2Room 2
The Native American Housing Museum
Cliff Dwellings
Museum Entrance
3Room 3
The Native American Housing Museum
Longhouses
Museum Entrance
4Room 4
Dine Hogans
The Native American Housing Museum
Museum Entrance
5Apaches on Horseback
- Apaches were a nomadic tribe, which means that
they travelled and did not typically stay
anywhere permanently. Apaches were hunters and
followed small game such as rabbits and deer.
They constructed their houses out of nearby
materials. There are bushes and trees that could
have been gathered to build a wickiup. This is a
prime location to set up camp due to the water
source. - I chose this picture, because it portrays the
tribe as nomadic, and the materials readily
available for housing is apparent.
Image acquired at http//www.legendsofamerica.com
/PicturePages/na-apache1.html
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6A Wickiup Under Construction
- Bent branches form the framework of this
Chiricahua Apache dwelling. This dome structure
will soon be covered in grass or brush and tied
in place with yucca by the women of the tribe.
Women are the builders of the wickiups. These
dwellings are waterproofed by covering the
thatched grass with animal skins. - I chose this picture, because the internal
framework is apparent, showcasing its
beautiful-dome shape.
Image acquired at http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Im
ageRibs_of_Apache_wickiup.jpg
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7Traditional Wickiup
- In a matter of days, the wickiup is completed.
Any repairs need to be done will be completed by
the women. The wickiup has a hole in the middle
to allow the smoke to escape from a central fire.
Pottery is stored outside the wickiup. When
its time to move on, the wickiup is torched. - I chose this picture because it shows a
completed dwelling. I like the artistry of the
earthen jars.
Image acquired at http//www.legendsofamerica.com
/PicturePages/na-apache5-wikiup.html
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8Chiricahua Wickiup
- A Chiricahua family sits in the entrance
of their wickiup. The family looks quite
comfortable in their environmentally-friendly and
camouflaged structure. This particular wickiup
looks rather large. Most wickiups have a
circular base of about 8 feet and a height of 5-6
feet. - I included this picture, because it reminded me
of something I read in New Worlds For All. A
Micmac chief asked French visitors in the 17th
century, Do we not have in our dwelling all the
conveniences and advantages that you have in
yours, such as reposing, drinking, and sleeping,
eating, and amusing ourselves with friends?
Image acquired at http//www.arikah.net/encyclope
dia/images/3/3d/Chiricahua_medicine_man.jpg
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9Cliff Palace
- Cliff Palace is located at Mesa Verde National
Park. It has 217 rooms and 23 kivas (a place for
ceremonies). Cliff Palace was constructed by
Ancient Puebloans. They built apartment-like
housing. Wooden ladders were used to access the
upper stories. As population increased, they
just built another room. At Mesa Verde National
Park, there are many other cliff-side apartment
dwellings. -
- Cliff Palace is incredible. To complete such a
task without the benefit of technology is
astounding. Baskets and yucca sandals have been
found at Mesa Verde National Park, giving some
insight as to how the people lived.
Image acquired at http//www.phototripusa.com/ima
ges/anasazi/anasazi_05.html
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10Keet Seel
- The Hisatsinom built Keet Seel prior to Navajos
occupying the area in which Keet Seel is located.
Even though it is now on Navajo land, it is not
a Navajo structure. It is an Ancient Puebloan
dwelling. The term Hisatsinom replaces the
term Anasazi. Anasazi is a Navajo word which
means enemies of long ago. Hopis are
descendants of the Anasazi. However, Hopis
object to the term Anasazi, because they never
refer to someone as their enemy. -
- I chose this picture because it provides a
close-up view of a cliff dwelling. If you ever
visit Keet Seel, you will see the toe holds that
are imbedded in the rock that enabled the
Hisatsinom to climb up to their house.
Image acquired at http//www.phototripusa.com/ima
ges/anasazi/anasazi_22.html
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11Masonry Example
- This is a section of a wall to a building at
Chaco Canyon. Sandstone, mortar and wooden beams
were the three primary construction materials.
The Ancestral Puebloans shaped each sandstone
block using harder stones collected from nearby
river beds. The mortar between the blocks is a
mixture of soil, water, and ash. Tiny pieces of
stone are fitted in the mortar. This is called
chinking. Chinking stones fill in the gaps
within the mortar and add structural stability to
the walls. -
- I chose this picture, because it gives a
detailed view of the construction of a typical
Pueblo dwelling. Today, on the Hopi
reservation, traditional Hopi homes are built
using this method. Hopis are descended from
Ancient Puebloans. Hopis refer to their
ancestors as Hisatsinom.
Image acquired at http//www.phototripusa.com/ima
ges/anasazi/anasazi_16.html
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12Montezumas Castle
- Montezumas Castle is located near Camp Verde,
Arizona. It was mistakenly named after an Aztec
chieftain. However, this cliff dwelling was
occupied by Sinagua Indians 1100 1400, several
years before Christopher Columbus stepped foot on
North America. It was built inside a rock
overhang 70 feet above Beaver Creek. Montezumas
Castle has 5 stories and 20 rooms. Around 1400,
this dwelling was abandoned for reasons unknown. -
- I picked this picture, because Montezumas
Castle is high above the ground. Standing 70
feet below this high-rise dwelling, one realizes
how dangerous it was to go home and leave home.
How many people fell? What did they do to mend
broken bones? Did they have a way to hoist game
or water? Montezumas Castle is camouflaged
inside the cliff, which leads me to wonder, who
or what were they afraid of?
Image acquired at http//www.phototripusa.com/ima
ges/anasazi/anasazi_26.html
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13Longhouse Construction
- Houses reflect the materials available. The
northeast had an abundance of trees. Therefore,
tribes, such as the Iroquois, constructed
longhouses out of trees. Rows of posts were put
into holes dug into the ground. Wood is bent to
form a semi-circle frame. The Iroquois tied the
bent poles and posts together with long strips of
bark. -
- I chose this picture because it shows the
framework of a longhouse. It shows bent wooden
poles in the shape of a semi-circle.
Image acquired at http//www.nysm.nysed.gov/Iroqu
oisVillage/images/figure1longhouselg.gif
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14Bark Covered Longhouse
- After the framework was put into place, the
longhouse was then covered with sheets of elm
bark. Bark was peeled from large trees. Then,
it was flattened, and rocks were placed on the
bark to keep it from curling as it was drying.
Elm tree bark has deep grooves. The Iroquois
used these grooves to channel rain water. After
the bark was placed over the frame, small poles
were placed on the outside of the longhouse to
keep the wind from ripping off the bark. -
- I chose this picture because the bark and the
outside poles are visible. Furthermore, the
picture shows how tall a longhouse can be.
Behind the longhouse, there are lots of trees.
The forests were an important part of their
culture. Deforestation by the colonists
exhausted the Iroquois building materials.
Image acquired at http//www.angelfire.com/mi4/po
lcrt/IroquoisIntro.html
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15Longhouse Interior Lay-Out
- The interior of a longhouse was divided into
compartments. One family would live in the
compartment on the left, and another family would
live in the compartment on the right. A fire
burned in the middle of the aisle. There could
have been several fires burning in the aisles at
one time. The Iroquois put holes in the roof to
allow the smoke to escape. A piece of bark was
used to the hole so that the flap could be opened
and closed depending on the weather. A platform
was added to provide storage for corn, pots, or
tobacco. The framework poles provided drying
racks for corn or fruit. -
- I chose this picture because it reproduces
Iroquois life inside the longhouse.
Image acquired at http//www.nysm.nysed.gov/Iroqu
oisVillage/images/figure3interiorlg.gif
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16Inside a Longhouse
- The Iroquois lead a communal life. Many
families who were of the same clan would share a
longhouse. The length of the longhouse depended
on how many people lived inside. Longhouses
ranged from 30 feet to 220 feet. European
influences changed Iroquois housing. The
Iroquois started building single-family log
cabins. Communal living decreased, and the bonds
between Iroquois families weakened. -
- I chose this picture because it shows the
openness of Iroquois living. Today people live
private lives. The ties between members of the
Iroquois community had to be incredibly strong to
live daily life under the scrutiny of others.
What if I had to live with my mom, dad, brother,
sister-in-law, sister, brother-in-law, aunts,
uncles, nieces, and nephews in a longhouse?
Image acquired at http//www.nativeamericans.com/
Wigwams.htm
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17Male Hogan
- This is a picture of an early Navajo Hogan.
This is called a forked-stick hogan or male
hogan. It is a cone-shaped structure made out
of packed mud. Male hogans were built during
the 1600s and 1700s. Navajos began herding
sheep. The introduction of sheep brought about a
lifestyle change. As they acquired more and more
sheep, Navajos accumulated more possessions.
More possessions meant that they needed a bigger
hogan. So they built a female hogan. - I chose this picture because it is rare to see a
male hogan. Today, male hogans are used for
sweat lodges. The female hogan is the place
where the family eats and sleeps. Also, the
people outside the hogan indicate that the hogan
was a home regardless of his rudimentary
elements.
Image acquired at http//www.kstrom.net/isk/maps/
houses/hogan.html
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18Female Hogan
- With the introduction of sheep and farming,
Navajos needed more space. They built a larger
rounder dwelling. This is called a female
hogan. It is female because the hogan resembles
a flared skirt. Ceremonies are held in hogans.
A hogan is a large open room with a stove in the
middle. All movements made inside the hogan are
clockwise. Nails are not used. Door hinges
used to be constructed from the soles of shoes. -
- I chose this picture because it contrasts the
male and female hogan. On the Navajo
reservation, these kinds of hogans can still be
seen. Even though they are not usually inhabited
on a long-term basis, Navajos still stay in them
when they are herding sheep.
Image acquired at http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho
gan
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19Hexagonal Hogan
- The building of the railroad brought new
materials, such as railroad ties. The railroad
ties changed the hogans shape from round to
hexagon. The doorway always faces the east to
welcome the morning sun. Because Navajos are
sheepherders, the women weave rugs with intricate
designs. A beautiful Navajo rug hangs in the
doorway of a hogan. -
- I chose this picture because it shows the
changes of the hogan over time. Technology
brought changes to housing structures. Also,
the Navajo rug gives some insight into their
culture. Navajo rugs are popular today. Rugs
cost anywhere from hundreds of dollars to
thousands of dollars.
Image acquired at http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho
gan
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20Modern Hogan
- Hogans are an important part of the Navajo
culture. On the Navajo reservation, it is common
to see hogans. They are no longer built with
railroad ties and mud, but they still have
retained their shape and their ceremonial
significance. Hogans have one room and are about
23 feet in diameter. If they are not occupied,
they are used for healing ceremonies. If you
ever enter a hogan always walk clockwise. Men
sit on the south side, and women sit on the north
side. If someone of great importance enters the
hogan, he or she sits on the west side. -
- I chose this picture because after hundreds of
years Navajos still retain some of their culture,
a culture that Europeans attempted to stamp out.
Plus, this is a peaceful picture which
symbolizes the tranquil nature of the occupants
of the hogan.
Image acquired at http//www.galenfrysinger.com/n
avajo_hogan_arizona.htm
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21Traditional Navajo Rug
- This is the right half of a large
pictorial-style rug, woven in 1984 by Isabel
John, a Navajo elder. She lives in Many Farms,
Arizona. She depicts in her weaving the 9th day
of a Yeibeichai healing ceremony. Hogans are
visible in the foreground and background.
People have come for a ceremony that will take
place in a hogan, or perhaps, due to the amount
of sheep, it is time for butchering. -
- I chose this picture because of the artistry.
It also depicts Navajo lifesheep herding
butchering, ceremonies, and family togetherness.
Image acquired at http//www.kstrom.net/isk/maps/
houses/hogan.html
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22Monica Modesitt
- Recently, I moved from Tuba City, Arizona to
Las Vegas, Nevada. In Tuba City I taught 1st
grade Navajo and Hopi 1st graders for several
years. Also, I worked with the Hopi Tribe to
develop a Hopi Culture Curriculum for grades K-6.
Currently, I teach 4th grade at McMillan
Elementary School. - While working on my museum, I listened to
De-Has-De-Na, a song by Sidney Poolheco who is a
member of the Hopi tribe. The sound of his voice
calmed my nerves and enabled me to complete this
project. This project afforded me the
opportunity to practice with technology before
introducing it to my students. - I learned that there is a rich pictorial
history of Indigenous People, and a picture adds
a dimension that words couldn't account for. I
was surprised to learn that the introduction of
the railroad brought design changes to the hogan.
I also learned that the Vikings lived in
longhouses too. The media basically portrays all
Native Americans as feather-headdress wearing
tipi dwellers. This project shows the diversity
of housing among the tribes, from cliff dwelling
to hogan to igloo to longhouse to tipi to wickiup
to wigwam. Completing this project has made me
want to go back home to the reservation, where in
some places there is no electricity or running
water and sand blows in the cracks of the windows
and coal has to be gathered for heat. Outsiders
think we're poor, and we live in squalor. But it
is our home and we are rich with the sound of the
buffalo dance and the sound of the katsinas
emerging from the kiva. There definitely is a
spirit of peace and tranquility, one that can
only be felt, never explained. - Monica Modesitt mjmodesitt_at_interact.ccsd.net
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