Consequences of World War I

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Consequences of World War I
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• The Human Toll

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• More than 8.5 million men died in WWI

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• In France, of the 8.4 million men enlisted, 1.3
  million men were killed.
• In Great Britain, of the 8.9 million men
  enlisted, 908,000 were killed.
• In the United States, of the 4.3 million men
  enlisted, 126,000 were killed.
• Russias overall casualty rate topped the Allies
  at 76.

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• In Germany, of the 11 million men enlisted during
  the war, 1.7 million men were killed.
• In Austria-Hungary, of the 7.8 million men
  enlisted, 1.2 million men were killed. Of all
  countries who participated in WWI, AH had the
  highest casualty rate at 90.

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• More than 21 million men were wounded in WWI.
  The overall casualty rate was more than 57.

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• The Economic Hardships

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• WWI cost the fighting nations approx. 337
  billion dollars

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• Many small businesses of Europe closed due to a
  lack sales.

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• Debts due to the war were enormous.
• Countries had borrowed from other countries and
  citizens to pay for the war. Many couldnt pay
  back the loans.

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• Depression in many countries was caused by
  inflation, severe losses of buyers, the closing
  of small businesses, and bankrupted governments

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• Political Confusion

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• Collapsing governments in Russia (Communist
  Revolution), in Germany and AH (both kings
  abandoned their thrones at the end of the war and
  went into hiding, leaving leaderless
  governments), and Turkey (the Sultan was
  overthrown in 1922)

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Central Power Punishments
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• The Treaty of Versailles

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• The spoils of war (especially land) were given to
  the Allies France esp.

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• The new borders split ethnic groups up into
  different countries, and forced different
  ethnicities into the same new countries, causing
  a lot of tension

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Europe 1914 and Europe 1919

• http//www.learn.co.uk/versailles/1919/maps.htm

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• Europe Before and after World War I

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• New lands created Czechoslovakia, Poland,
  Danzig, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia from Germany

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• New lands Iraq, Palestine, Syria free from the
  Ottoman Empire

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• Austria-Hungary split into two separate
  countries. Portions of Czechoslovakia, Romania,
  and Yugoslavia created.

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• Loss of all German overseas colonies

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• Reparation payments for the cost of the war were
  billed to Germany all government profits went to
  the Allies until the debt was paid approx. 33
  billion dollars

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• Military occupation of the German industrial
  Rhine Region by the Allies for approx. 15 years
  to make sure that no new weapons or navy were
  built

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• Reduction of German army to limited numbers
  (approx. 10,000 standing army), and the
  elimination of any new navy ships being built

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The Road to WWII
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• Rise of Dictators
• StalinSoviet Union
• HitlerGermany
• MussoliniItaly

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Beloved Stalin Is The Peoples Happiness
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Stalins Communism

• Forced takeover of agricultural lands, to be run
  by the state.
• Those that resisted were forced off of their land
  and either starved, executed, or sent to labor
  camps in Siberia.
• The resulting loss of workforce and production
  caused food shortages and government rationing.

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Stalins Communism

• Re-focused Russia on industrial and military
  growth, at the expense of all other necessities.
  While the country got by on shortages (food,
  clothing, etc.), massive factories of steel,
  iron, and coal were built to compete with the
  West.

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Day After Day, Life Becomes Even Happier
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Stalins Communism

• Political Purges Over 7 million people were
  arrested as suspected dissidents. About 1
  million were executed, and the rest assigned to
  labor camps. All of the power was concentrated
  to the state.
• Purges Gulags

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Labor Camps in Russia
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Mussolinis Fascism

• Out of the frustration of being passed over for
  spoils from WWI, Mussolini brought together
  masses of dissatisfied veterans, laborers, and
  others to unite Italy under the banner of The
  Country is Nothing Without Conquest

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Mussolinis Fascism

• Used the Blackshirts as enforcers to put down
  opponents to his plan for starting a new Roman
  Empire.
• Eliminated elections and political parties, and
  established himself as a dictator. Consolidated
  all power within his party. II Duce.
• Focused Italy on industrial and military growth.
• Mussolini Into Power

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Hitlers Nazi Party

• "War-Guilt Clause", Treaty of Versailles (June
  28, 1919)
• Article 231. The Allied and Associated
  Governments affirm and Germany accepts the
  responsibility of Germany and her allies for
  causing all the loss and damage to which the
  Allied and Associated Governments and their
  nationals have been subjected as a consequence of
  the war imposed upon them by the aggression of
  Germany and her allies . . .
• Article 232. . . . The Allied and Associated
  Governments, however, require, and Germany
  undertakes, that she will make compensation for
  all damage done to the civilian population of the
  Allied and Associated Powers . . .

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Hitlers Nazi Party

• Germany was humiliated and bankrupted by the
  provisions of the Treaty of Versailles. Hitler
  tapped into that anger and frustration to rally
  the people of Germany.
• In 1923, 3,000 Nazis attempted to overthrow the
  Allied-influenced government. Failed, and jailed
  for five years.

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Hitlers Nazi Party

• In prison, wrote Mein Kampf. He outlined his
  plan to re-build Germany (militarily and
  economically), strengthen the Germanic people (by
  racial purification), and then re-conquer lost
  lands.
• Once out of prison, became chancellor , and after
  Hindenburg dies, head of the government. Der
  Fuhrer. Hitler's Takeover

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• With satanic joy in his face, the black-haired
  Jewish youth lurks in wait for the unsuspecting
  girl whom he defiles with his blood, thus
  stealing her from her people. With every means he
  tries to destroy the racial foundations of the
  people he has set out to subjugate. Just as he
  himself systematically ruins women and girls, he
  does not shrink back from pulling down the blood
  barriers for others, even on a large scale. It
  was and it is Jews who bring the Negroes into the
  Rhineland, always with the same secret thought
  and clear aim of ruining the hated white race by
  the necessarily resulting bastardization,
  throwing it down from its cultural and political
  height, and himself rising to be its master.

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Hitlers Nazi Party

• Suppresses opposition and employs the country to
  secretly rebuild Germanys military.
  Unemployment is down, wages are up, the country
  is rebuilding. The next move is to re-capture
  the glory of old Germany.
• Hitler Youth Training

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From To
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Re-Capture the Glory of Germany
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• Nazi Film Propaganda
• Joseph Goebbels Diaries
• Nazi Book Burning
• Total War Speech

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• The Moves Towards War

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The Moves Towards War

• In October, 1935, Italy begins its quest for a
  new Roman Empire by invading Ethiopia, an
  independent African kingdom
• Conquered and acquired by Italy in May, 1936

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The Moves Towards War

• In March, 1936, German troops enter the
  Rhineland, a restricted area that Germany had
  previously used to launch attacks on France and
  Belgium.
• Even though forbidden to re-arm and mobilize by
  the TofVer., no Allied leaders stop Hitler

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The Moves Towards War

• With common goals, Hitler and Mussolini create an
  alliance in 1936.
• They are known as the Axis Powers

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The Moves Towards War

• In March 1938, Hitler marches into Austria.
  Because there is no resistance, its not
  technically an invasion and the Allies can do
  nothing.

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The Moves Towards War

• In an effort to recapture lost German lands,
  Hitler next moves to re-acquire the Sudetenland
  (northern Czechoslovakia).
• Appeasement a policy adopted by Europe to
  allow this action without opposition in hopes
  that Hitler would be happy enough to stop
  advancing.

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The Moves Towards War

• Spanish Civil War
• Germany and Italy support the overthrow of the
  Spanish government by Francisco Franco, a
  military dictator
• The rest of Europe and US indirectly support the
  Spanish government
• Franco wins and rules until 1975
• A set-up for World War II?

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The Moves Towards War

• In March, 1939, Hitler invades and occupies the
  rest of Czechoslovakia.
• In April, 1939, Mussolini invades and occupies
  Albania
• France and Great Britain prepare for war

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To The EastAppeasement policy gives
Czechoslovakia to Germany
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The Moves Towards War

• In August, 1939, signs a non-aggression pact
  with Russia that divides eastern Europe between
  the two of them, which allows Hitler to
  concentrate on the rest of Europe without
  fighting a two-front war

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The Non-Aggression Pact
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The Moves Towards War

• September 1, 1939, Hitler invaded Poland.
• September 3, 1939, France and Great Britain
  declared war on Germany.

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• World War II

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German Blitzkrieg

• To sweep across Europe, Germany employed a
  six-stage battle tactic known as a Blitzkrieg
  (Lightening Warfare) to move quickly and
  efficiently through their enemies.

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• 1. Identify a weak spot in the enemys line
• Create a smoke screen in order to prepare for the
  attack secretly

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• 2. Planes bomb military and civilian targets, as
  well as 3. drop paratroopers behind the enemys
  lines

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• 4. Tanks break through the weak spot

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• 5. Motorized divisions follow, encircling the
  enemy and cutting off retreat

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• 6. Infantry troops arrive to take care of any
  remaining resistance

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• As France and Great Britain mobilize, Germany
  invades and occupies Denmark and Norway, the
  Netherlands, and Luxembourg through early 1940.
• By mid-May, Germany had moved into Belgium and
  prepared to invade France.

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• Though France had fortified their German front
  (Maginot Line), Germany went north through
  Belgium and went straight to the English Channel.
• Splits France into two halves. On June 14, Paris
  is captured. By treaty, northern France and the
  Atlantic coast become Nazi territory, while the
  south was supervised by the French.

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• Italy declares war on the Allies in June, 1940.

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• From northern France, Germany began its air
  attack on Great Britain.
• From August, 1940 thru May 1941, Germany
  (Luftwaffe) flew bombing missions over GB (RAF),
  including civilian cities such as London.
• Despite over 20,000 killed and 70,000 wounded,
  Britain did not fall.

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• Japan Enters WWII

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• Japan had emerged from WWI as the premier power
  in Asia.
• Thriving economics through new exports to the
  West, new colonies from Germany in the Pacific.

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• By the 1930s, though, prosperity in Japan
  faltered.
• Worldwide depression lessened exports. Recession
  began.
• Population explosion needed more resources to
  support growth.

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• In September, 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria,
  China, and secured occupation by February, 1932.
• Provided additional land, resources (like oil)
  for Japan.
• Japan begins to eye the rest of China.
• Decried by the League of Nations and the US, but
  nothing done to stop them.

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• Japan continues to move through China during the
  1930s, eventually occupy Beijing by 1937.
• When war started in Europe in 1940, Europe was
  distracted and Japan pushed beyond China and into
  French Indochina and the Dutch East Indies.

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• In September, 1940, aligns with Germany and Italy
  based on common expansionist ideas
• In April, 1941, signed a pact with Russia to
  avoid any war in the north.

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• The US and World War II
• From Neutrality to War

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• Based on a poor economy at home and a desire to
  stay out of international problems, the US
  remains neutral as the war in Europe begins

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The Neutrality Acts

• A series of Neutrality Acts in the mid-1930s
  stated that
• The US could not provide weapons to warring
  nations
• The US could not loan money to warring nations
• The US could trade with any nation, so long as
  the goods were non-military and they transported
  it themselves (cash and carry)

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All Aid Short of War

• After Germany invaded Poland, quickly overran
  France and set its sights on Great Britain, the
  US began to soften its neutral stance.
• Began sending weapons to France and Britain
• Lend-Lease allowed a bankrupt Britain to borrow
  military goods and pay for them later

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• With aid extended to countries vital to US
  security, America also began cutting trade and
  financial dealings with Japan, whos expansion in
  Asia threatened American markets there and in the
  Pacific.
• Froze Japanese assets in the US and stopped all
  sales of raw materials in 1940

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A Date Which Will Live in Infamy

• December 7, 1941, Japan attacks the US Pacific
  fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. A quick victory
  there would allow Japan to conquer Asia and the
  Pacific before the US could defend it
• 2,400 Americans killed 1,200 wounded 200
  warplanes and 18 warships damaged or destroyed

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The US Goes to War

• On December 7, 1941, the US declares war on Japan
• On December 11, 1941, Germany and Italy declare
  war on the United States

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