Chapter 10 Dragonfly

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Chapter 10 Dragonfly

• Cell Growth and Division

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Standards Addressed

• National
• 7 1.e Students know cells divide to increase
  their numbers through a process of mitosis,which
  results in two daughter cells with identical sets
  of chromosomes
• 6IIE 7.c Construct appropriate graphs from data
  and develop qualitative statements about the
  relationships between variables
• 6IIE 7.e Recognize whether evidence is
  consistent with a proposed explanation
• State
• BIIE 1.g Recognize the usefulness and
  limitations of models and theories as scientific
  representations of reality.

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Section 10-1 Cell GrowthKey Concept What
problems does growth cause for cells?
I. Limits to cell growth   1. Why do cells
divide rather than continue to grow
indefinitely? a.      The ___________ the cell is
the more demands are placed on the cells
_____ b.      Its more difficult to move enough
____________ and ___________ across the cell
membrane   2. DNA Overload a. DNA
controls_____ __________ found in nucleus of
eukaryotes b. DNA meets the needs of the cell
when the cell is_________, however as the cell
increases in size, the DNA cannot meet its needs
anymore ? ______________ _________  
larger
DNA
nutrients
wastes
function
cell
small
crisis
Information
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3. Exchanging Materials   a. ________,
_________, and _______ enter a cell through its
cell membrane. b. ________ _________ leave
the same way.   c. Rate of this exchange
depends on the surface area to volume ratio   II.
Surface Area to Volume Ratio   1. To obtain the
ratio of surface area to volume, __________ the
surface area by the volume.  
Food
oxygen
water
Waste
products
divide
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Cell Sizes
Surface Area lengthxwidthx6
54 cm2
24 cm2
6 cm2
Volume Lengthxwidthxheight
27cm3
8 cm3
1 cm3
21
61
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Ratio of surface area to volume
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Notice that volume _____________ much more
rapidly than surface area.  This causes the
______________________ _________________, which
is a serious problem for the cell.  As cells get
_____ _________ it makes it more difficult to get
sufficient amounts of oxygen and nutrients in and
waste products out.   Question How does an
organism get bigger if the cells that it is made
of do not get larger?  Answer ___________________
__
increases
surface area to volume
ratio to decrease
large
too
It grows more cells.
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III. Division of the Cell   1.  Before the cell
gets too large it divides into two
_____________ cells   2. The process is
called ________ _______________.   Cell
division solves the problem of cells getting too
large by _______________ while __________________
(more small cells instead of one large cell)
daughter
cell
division
Increasing size
reducing volume
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3. Before cell division, the cell ____________,
or copies, its entire DNA.   a. This solves the
problem of ___________________ because each
daughter cell gets a complete set of __________
information   4. Each cell has an increase in
ratio of surface area to volume that allows for
more efficient __________________ with the
environment.
replicates
information storage
genetic
exchange of materials
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10-2 Cell DivisionKey Concepts What are the
main events of the cell cycle?
What are the four phases of mitosis?
All cell division must involve the replication of
DNA before cell division so the genetic
information can be transferred to the daughter
cells.   In Prokaryotes the rest of cell
division is simply to __________________.   In
Eukaryotes the division is more complex it occurs
in two stages a.      Mitosis
________________________ b.      ___________
division of the cytoplasm  
divide the contents
division of the nucleus
Cytokinesis
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Unicellular organisms use mitosis and cytokinesis
to ________________. This is a type of
_______________ reproduction producing two
identical daughter cells from ______ identical
parent cell. Multicellular organisms use
mitosis and cytokinesis to _______________________
__ ____________________________
reproduce
asexual
one
add new cells to the organism
for growth and development
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I. Chromosomes   1.     Chromosomes are composed
are ______ and __________ (histones) and carry
the genetic information in eukaryotic
cells.   a.      Each species of organism has a
_________ ________ of chromosomes. 1.     
Drosophila melanogaster has ___
chromosomes 2.      Humans have ____ chromosomes
DNA
proteins
specific
number
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46
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b.    Chromosome are ____ __________ except
during cell division. (known as ___________
when not dividing) c.    Replication (copying) of
the DNA occurred _______________________
therefore every chromosome is actually two
identical ______ chromatids d. Each pair of
chromatids is connected to each other at an area
called the ___________, usually located near the
center of the chromosome.
not
visible
chromatin
before cell division
sister
centromere
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centromere
Sister chromatids
http//www.biostudio.com/demo_freeman_dna_coiling.
htm
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I.  The Cell Cycle 1.Cell Cycle the series of
events the cell goes through as they
________________ separated by periods of
in-between time called ___________. 2. During
the cell cycle the cell ________, prepares for
__________, and divides to form two daughter
cells, each of which then ________________________
__. 3. _______ phases of the cell cycle
grow and divide
interphase
grows
division
begins the cycle again
Four
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I. Events of the Cell Cycle  a. G1 phase
__________, increase in size and ______________
new proteins and organelles. b. S phase
chromosome __________ (synthesis) c. G2 phase
shortest of the phases, organelles and molecules
required for ___________ are produced. d. M
Phase _________and ____________ G1, S, and G2
are all taking place during ____________ the
phase between divisions.
cell growth
synthesize
replication
cell division
cytokinesis
mitosis
interphase
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G1
M-phase
s
G2
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I. Mitosis a. The mitotic phase can be
sub-divided into four phases ______________,
_____________, _____________ and _____________
(PMAT). b. Mitosis is strictly _____________
division. c. Mitosis is followed by cytoplasmic
division, or ___________, to complete cell
division
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
nuclear
cytokinesis
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d.      Mitosis results in two daughter cells,
which are ________ to each other, and is used for
growth and asexual reproduction. e.     The
growth and synthesis phases are collectively
called interphase (i.e. in between cell
division). f. The only source of genetic
variation in the cells is via ________________.
identical
mutations
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normal cellular functions
is not
DNA
cell organelles
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condense
visible
chromatids
centromere
opposite
disappears
attach
nuclear envelope
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Metaphase (middle) Spindle fibers (microtubules) connect ______________ to chromosomes Chromosomes align along ___________of cell.
Anaphase chromosome separate Centromeres _______, allowing sister chromatids to ________________ Chromatids move towards __________poles, centromeres first, creating a V shape
centrioles
equator
split
separate
opposite
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Telophase New nuclei form Spindle fibers ____________ __________________ form around each set of chromatids Nucleoli ___________ End of nuclear division
disperse
Nuclear membrane
reform
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F.Y.I. Asexual reproduction is the production
of offspring from a single parent using mitosis.
The offspring are therefore genetically identical
to each other and to their parent- in other
words they are clones. Asexual reproduction is
very common in nature, and in addition we humans
have developed some new, artificial methods. The
Latin terms in vivo (in life, i.e. in a living
organism) and in vitro (in glass, i.e. in a
test tube) are often used to describe natural and
artificial techniques.
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Centrioles
Centrioles
Centromere
Centrioles
Nuclear envelope
Chromatin
Chromosomes
_______________ (paired chromatids)
Daughter Cells
Spindle
Centrioles
Chromosomes
Individual
Nuclear envelope
reforms
http//highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072437316/s
tudent_view0/chapter11/animations.html
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For Use with Lab Plant Cell Growth as seen in
Onion Root Tip
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Animal Cell Division in White Fish Blastula
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Cytokinesis Cytoplasmic division New daughter cells form       In animal cells a _______________ forms, which splits the cell in two.
Cytokinesis Cytoplasmic division New daughter cells form       In plant cells vesicles move to the equator, line up and fuse to form two membranes called the __________. A new _________ is laid down between the membranes, which fuses with the existing cell wall.
cleavage furrow
cell plate
cell wall
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V. Cytokinesis a. Division of the
________________ b. End of the ____ _________ c.
Production of two ______________ daughter
cells d. Different in _________ and _________
cells
cytoplasm
cell
cycle
identical
plants
animals
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10-3 Regulating the Cell CycleKey Concepts How
is the cell cycle regulated?
How are cancer cells different from other
cells?
______________ organisms control cell growth and
division very carefully (way to increase number
of cells and size of organism) F.Y.I. In
different cell types the cell cycle can last from
hours to years. For example bacterial cells can
divide every 20-30 minutes under suitable
conditions, skin cells divide about every 12
hours on average, liver cells every 2 years,
brain and muscle cells do not divide.
Multicellular
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This provides the _______________ of cells that
________________________.
replacement
wear out or are broken down
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• Controls on Cell Division
• Cells in a ________________ will continue to
  divide until they come into ___________ with
  other cells.
• Then the cells ________ _____________
• Cells are ______________ from the center of the
  dish.
• Then the cells _______________ the open space
  will begin dividing.
• Until they have _______ the empty space.
• The controls for cell growth and division can be
  ___________________.
• We can see the same thing happen in our
  __________________.

petri dish
contact
dividing
stop
removed
bordering
filled
turned on and off
own bodies
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Question What happens when you cut your finger
or break your bone? Answer
The cells bordering the injury will begin
dividing to fill in the gap in the tissues that
have been torn or broken. This is the process
known as healing.
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II. Cell Cycle Regulators 1. Scientists wondered
what ____________cell division. 2. Tim Hunt and
Mark Kirschner discovered that cells in mitosis
contained a protein that when injected into a
cell would cause the formation of spindle
fibers. 3. Protein group known as ____________
regulates the cell cycle. 4. They rise and fall
in time with the ________.
controlled
cyclins
cell cycle
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5. Cyclins _____________ the timing of the cell
cycle in __________cells. a. Two main groups of
protein regulators b. Internal Regulators
respond to events __________________ . Ex. Make
sure cell doesnt enter mitosis until chromosomes
have all replicated c. External Regulators
respond to events _________________________. Ex.
Embryonic growth and healing
regulate
eukaryotic
inside the cell
outside the cell
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• III. Uncontrolled Cell Growth
• Cancer
• Cell Growth is so controlled because when it is
  not controlled things go very, very______.
• 2. _________ is a disorder in which some of the
  bodys own cells lose the ability to control
  growth.

wrong
Cancer
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3. Cancer cells do not respond to the
_____________that regulate the growth of most
cells. 4. When cells divide ___________________
they form masses of cells called __________ that
can damage the surrounding tissue. 5. Cancer
cells can break off and _____________ throughout
the body disrupting normal activities and causing
serious medical problems or even death.
signals
uncontrollable
tumors
spread
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B. Causes of Cancer 1. Smoking ____________ 2.
_____________ exposure 3. ______________ 4._______
_____ defect in gene p53 C. Cancer is a disease
of the __________.
tobacco
Radiation
Viral Infection
Genetic
cell cycle
http//hpv.com/hpv-tv-commercial.html
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Breast Cancer Cell