Unit 10 Human Nutrition

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Unit 10 Human Nutrition
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Your digestive System (GI-Gastrointestinal tract)

• 1. Mouth
• 2. Esophagus
• 3. Stomach
• 4. Small intestine
• Duodenum (dew-wa-da-numb) then jejunum
  (ja-ju-numb) then ileum (ill-e-um)
• 5. Large intestine (Colon)
• Ascending then transverse then descending
• Rectum then Anus

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GI Tract
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Rectum
Anus
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Upper GI tract

• Mouth
• Mechanical breakdown of food
• Begins the digestion of Starch by amylase enzyme
  from salivary glands
• Esophagus
• Tube
• Stomach
• Churns food (no teeth), protein digestion
• Stomach absorbs aspirin and alcohol only

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GI Tract
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
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Meat Eater or Vegetarian ?

• Herbivorous teeth are made for grinding plants

• Carnivorous teeth are made for tearing flesh

What kind of teeth do we have?
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Lower GI tract

• Small Intestine
• Folded into finger-like projections called VILLI
  which increases the surface area of the small
  intestine
• Malfunction will inhabit digesting and absorbing
  food
• Longer than you are tall
• Large Intestine (Colon)
• If the Colon doesnt do its job then watery
  stool could result.

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GI Tract
?
?
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
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Meat Eater or Vegetarian?

• Carnivores have short gastrointestinal tracts
• Herbivores have long intestinal tracts Over 200
  feet.
• What length is our intestines? About 20 feet.

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Digestion vs. Absorption

• Digestion
• Happens inside the gastrointestinal (GI) tract
• Food breakdown
• Major organ Stomach
• Absorption
• Happens outside the GI tract
• Absorption of nutrients through the intestinal
  wall into the blood
• Major organ Small intestine

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Digestion vs. Absorption
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Liver, Gall Bladder and Pancreas

• ALL YOUR BLOOD from your intestines passes
  through your liver before it goes to your body
• Storage for glycogen, minerals
• Thousands of metabolic processes, detoxification,
  metabolism of food
• Gall Bladder
• Gall bladder holds BILE
• Bile will EMULSIFY fat, which breaks down fat
• Bile is deposited into the small intestine along
  with pancreas enzymes
• Pancreas
• Empties enzymes into the small intestine
• It also produces glucagon and insulin

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Liver, Gall Bladder and Pancreas
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Blood Sugar Regulation (Blood sugar too low)

• When your blood sugar (glucose) goes down, the
  pancreas produces a substance called glucagon.
• Glucagon stimulates the release of stored sugar
  (glucose) in your liver to go into your blood.
• The result is that your blood sugar rises to a
  normal level.
• Remember glucagon makes sugar gone from the
  liver.

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Blood Sugar Regulation (Blood sugar too low)
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Blood Sugar Regulation (Blood sugar too
high)

• When your blood sugar goes up, your pancreas
  produces a substance called insulin.
• Insulin will stimulate your cells to take up
  sugar.
• The result is that your blood sugar lowers to a
  normal level.
• Remember insulin makes sugar go in to the
  cell.

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Blood Sugar Regulation (Blood sugar too high)
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Exercise and Heart Health

• When the sugar stores are overflowing in the
  body, the liver converts excess glucose to FAT
• Why does AEROBIC exercise help weight loss?
• THE ZONE
• Assures your exercise is aerobic
• The Zone formula 180-Age equal the high pulse
  rate, minus 10 equals the low pulse rate between
  these two numbers is THE ZONE

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DIET

• Calories
• Fat 9 calories per gram,
• Carbohydrates, Protein 4 calories per gram
• Amino Acids
• 8-9 essential
• A protein deficiency can be caused by the diet
  lacking one or more of the essential amino acids
• Minerals
• Macro mineral- found is large quantities
• Calcium is a macro mineral, deficiency can cause
  muscle cramps
• Trace minerals- found in small amounts but very
  important
• Iodine is a trace mineral we only need 14 mg. but
  if we lack this mineral metabolism of the cell
  can be effected

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Diet (Continued)

• Water makes up 60 of your body
• No tap water, consider filtered or distilled
  water
• Organic Vs. Inorganic
• All living things have _______ and _______

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Vitamins

• A- Epithelial tissue
• B- Cellular respiration
• C- Connective tissue
• D- Bone
• E- Anti-oxidant- with C, Beta Carotene (Pro-
  vitamin A), selenium
• Folic acid
• K- Blood Klotting

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Vitamin Deficiency

• A- night blindness
• B1- Beri Beri (weak, weak)
• B12, Folic Acid, the mineral Iron
• Anemia
• C- Scurvy
• D- Rickets
• K- Blood loss
• Toxic vitamins- ADEK (fat soluble vitamins)

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Diet and Prevention of Disease

• Supplement the diet? YES!
• Arteriosclerosis- closing of the artery-
  homocystine too high in the blood can cause a
  tear in the wall of the artery which fills in
  with fat.
• Good cholesterol is HDL, bad is VLDL, LDL

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Diet and Prevention of Disease

• Hydrogenated fat- cell destruction
• Structure of natural (cis-) fat and hydrogenated,
  trans-
• cis- (bent) Vs. trans (straight)

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Diet and Prevention of Disease

• High fat and meat consumption related to
  increased cancer
• Low fat and increased vegetables and fruits lower
  blood pressure and decreased cancer.

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Meat and Cancer
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Harvard Pyramid
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