1. The Nature of Medieval Philosophy

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MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY

• 1. The Nature of Medieval Philosophy
• 2. Early Medieval Philosophy
• 3. Late Medieval Philosophy
• 4. Background Information

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Nature of Medieval Philosophy

• History
• Art
• Religion
• Politics

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History

• Timetable
• Patristic Period Birth of Jesus 476 CE
  Fall of Rome
• Dark Ages 500 CE - 1000 CE
• Scholasticism 1000 CE - 1349 CE
• Late Scholasticism 1400 CE 1617 CE

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Roman Empire

• East 600s BCE 476 CE (patristic period,
  Augustine)
• West Late 200s CE 1400s CE

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Roman Empire - East and West

• Diocletian284-286 CE (splits empire, rules east)
• Re-United Empirereunited by Constantine's defeat
  of Licinius
• Jovian 363-364 CE (splits empire, rules east)

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Roman Empire

• Language
• Geography
• History and Leaders
• Religion

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The Roman Empire 44 BCE
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The Roman Empire 14 CE
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Roman Empire and barbaric Tribe
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Julius Caesar

• He was a Roman politician and general who,
  without having any orders to do so, conquered the
  vast territory of the Gauls to the north of his
  province in France.In the year 49 BCE Caesar
  crossed the small river between his province and
  Italy, called the Rubicon, and conquered Rome
  itself which he then ruled as a dictator. His
  military campaigns also took him to Egypt where
  he met the famous Cleopatra.His life though was
  ended as he was infamously murdered in the senate
  in Rome.So famous and respected was Caesar that
  a month of the year is still named after him and
  his heirs today, July (after Julius Caesar). Also
  the great English poet Shakespeare wrote a famous
  play called Julius Caesar about his famous
  murder.

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Roman Religion and Gods

• Pantheon
• The Romans believed in many different gods and
  goddesses. For everything imaginable they had a
  god or goddess in charge.

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Jupiter

• He was the master of the gods and the main god of
  the Romans. In his hand he held thunderbolts
  which he could hurl from the sky.

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Juno

• She was the wife of Jupiter, the goddess of women
  and fertility. Her symbols were a pomegranate and
  a peacock.

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Mars

• He was the god of war, the strongest and most
  fearsome god, except for Jupiter.

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Venus

• She was the goddess of love and beauty.

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Minerva

• She was the goddess of wisdom, learning, art
  crafts and industry. Her symbol was the owl.

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Neptune

• He was the powerful god of the sea. His symbol
  was the trident

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Bacchus

• He was the god of wine and partying. Naturally,
  he was one of Rome's most popular gods.

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Mercury

• He was the messenger of the gods. The wings on
  his helmet and sandals allowed him to travel very
  quickly to wherever a god might send him. He was
  the god of travellers and tradesmen

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Ceres

• She was the goddess of the harvest, always
  depicted carrying a bundle of grain.

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Diana

• She was the goddess of hunting and a goddess of
  the moon.

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Vesta

• She was the goddess of the hearth and home. She
  was very important to Romans. In her temple a
  flame was always kept burning as in the 'hearth
  of Rome' the flame should

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Roman Art

• Virgil
• Ovid
• Seneca

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Constantine

• 326CE Constantine the Great was the first
  Christian emperor of the Roman empire. He
  defeated all the other would-be emperors and
  re-united the empire, which had been divided
  between many rulers. He also decided to move the
  capital of the empire from Rome to a Byzantium,
  which he renamed after himself - Constantinopolis
  (Greek for the city of Constantine).
• He also called together Christian bishops for the
  Council of Nicaea at which the exact nature of
  the Christian religion was defined. It is known
  today as the 'Nicene Creed'.
• For his many achievements he is known as
  'Constantine the Great' and in the Christian
  church he is known as 'Saint Constantine'.

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The Nicene Creed

• First Council of Constantinople (SECOND GENERAL
  COUNCIL.)
• This council was called on May, 381, by Emperor
  Theodosius, to provide for a Catholic succession
  in the patriarchal See of Constantinople, to
  confirm the Nicene Faith, to reconcile the
  semi-Arians with the Church, and to put an end to
  the Macedonian heresy. The first canon is an
  important dogmatic condemnation of all shades
  ofArianism.

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The Nicene Creed

• We believe in one God, the Father, the Almighty,
  maker of heaven and earth, of all that is, seen
  and unseen. We believe in one Lord, Jesus Christ,
  the only Son of God, eternally begotten of the
  Father, God from God, Light from Light, true God
  from true God, begotten, not made, of one Being
  with the Father. Through him all things were
  made. For us and for our salvation he came down
  from heaven by the power of the Holy Spirit he
  became incarnate from the Virgin Mary, and was
  made man. For our sake he was crucified under
  Pontius Pilate he suffered death and was buried.
  On the third day he rose again in accordance with
  the Scriptures he ascended into heaven and is
  seated at the right hand of the Father. He will
  come again in glory to judge the living and the
  dead, and his kingdom will have no end. We
  believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the giver
  of life, who proceeds from the Father and the
  Son. With the Father and the Son he is worshiped
  and glorified. He has spoken through the
  Prophets. We believe in one holy catholic and
  apostolic Church. We acknowledge one baptism for
  the forgiveness of sins. We look for the
  resurrection of the dead, and the life of the
  world to come. Amen.

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After the Roman Empire

• The Fall of the Eastern Roman Empire 476 A.D.
• Charlemagne (King of the Franks)
• The Power of the Catholic Church
• The Crusades
• Universities
• The Building of Nation States
• The Hundred Years War (1337-1453)

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Pope Leo III

• Date of birth unknown died 816. He was elected
  on the very day his predecessor was buried (26
  Dec., 795), and consecrated on the following day
• Leo was a Roman, the son of Atyuppius and
  Elizabeth. At the time of his election he was a
  Cardinal-Priest of St. Susanna, and seemingly
  also vestiarius, or chief of the pontifical
  treasury, or wardrobe.
• With the letter informing Charlemagne that he had
  been unanimously elected pope, Leo sent him the
  keys of the confession of St. Peter, and the
  standard of the city.
• This he did to show that he regarded the Frankish
  King as the protector of theHoly See.
• In return he received from him letters of
  congratulation and a great part of the treasure
  which the king had captured from the Avars.
• The acquisition of this wealth was one of the
  causes which enabled Leo to be such a great
  benefactor to the churches and charitable
  institutions of Rome.

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Coronation of Charlemagne 800 CE Christmas Day
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The Crusades

• The year was 1095 CE, William the Conqueror had
  united England under one crown 30 years earlier.
  The French had been dividing properties amongst
  their sons for generations, causing bloodshed
  between brothers over small pieces of real
  estate. In reaction, Pope Urban II expanded "The
  Truce of God", which outlawed fighting from
  Sunday to Wednesday, and banned fighting
  involving priests, monks, women, laborers and
  merchants on any day of the week. Italy was a
  collection of city-states, constantly being
  overrun by invading hordes, the latest of which
  were the Normans, who had just started to become
  "civilized".
• There was also the Byzantine empire, ruling from
  Constantinople, whose emperor at this time was
  Alexius Comnenus. To his East, the Turks were
  rapidly encroaching on his empire, and had begun
  attacking pilgrims on their way to - and in -
  Jerusalem, causing him great distress. He wrote
  to his friend Robert, the Count of Flanders, in
  1093, telling him about supposed atrocities
  committed by the Turks on the Christian pilgrims,
  and Robert passed this letter on to Pope Urban
  II. Urban, an opportunist, saw this as a perfect
  way to solve some of his local problems. He
  personally promoted a Holy Crusade to reclaim the
  Holy Lands from the barbarian Turks.
• Thus, the First Crusade was launched in 1096 CE.

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Universities

• Salamanca (Spain)
• Bologna (Italy)
• Oxford (England)
• Sorbonne (Paris)

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University of Salamanca - Spain

• The Universidad de Salamanca is the oldest
  university in Spain, and one of the oldest in
  Europe. It was founded by Alfonso IX in the 13th
  century.

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Oxford University-England (11th Cent)

• As the oldest English-speaking university in the
  world, it can lay claim to nine centuries of
  continuous existence. There is no clear date of
  foundation, but teaching existed at Oxford in
  some form in 1096 and developed rapidly from
  1167, when Henry II banned English students from
  attending the University of Paris.

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Sorbornne-France (13th Century)

• THE SORBONNE. Its name comes from its founder,
  Robert de Sorbon, chaplain and confessor of Saint
  Louis, king of France.
• Throughout the centuries its history has been so
  interwoven with that of the University of Paris
  that it has become its symbol.
• The University was born in the 13th century of
  the corporative organization of Paris masters and
  scholars

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Religious Orders

• Benedictines 529CE
• Franciscans 1209
• Dominicans 1216
• Jesuits 1540