Foundations of Assistive Technology: Week 2

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Foundations of Assistive Technology Week 2
Damian Gordonand divers hands
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History of AT AT OrganisationsCook and Hussey
Chapter 1
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Last Week
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History of AT

• When do you think AT originated ?
• 1980s
• 1970s
• 1960s
• 1950s
• Before that

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History of AT

• When do you think AT originated ?
• 1980s
• 1970s
• 1960s
• 1950s
• X Before that

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History of AT

• The previous slide is the stereotypical view of
  'cave man' as a brainless brute surviving on
  instinct alone. The following is a painting by
  Charles R. Knight under the direction of the
  palaeontologist Henry Fairfield Osborn for the
  American Museum of Natural History in 1925,
  showing Cro-Magnon cave painters illustrating
  their homes.

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History of AT

• Since the first Stone Age person picked up a
  stick to help themselves walk after an injury,
  assistive technology has existed.
• This would have been High-Tech AT at the time,
  since it was cutting edge in terms of design and
  fabricated from state-of-the-art materials.
• There is little structural difference between the
  crutch that our Stone Age friend had and the
  modern-day cane and crutch.

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History of AT

• Generations after the first crutch another Stone
  Age person picked up an empty animal horn and
  discovered that it can amplify the voice, and
  that same person may have discovered that it also
  helps compensates for fading hearing.
• There is a big structural difference between the
  horn that our Stone Age friend had and the
  modern-day hearing aid, but they are functionally
  equivalent.

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History of AT

• The earliest record of wheelchairs date back to
  the 6th century, and were found inscribed on a
  stone slate in China.
• There is little structural difference between the
  those wheelchairs and the modern-day wheelchairs.

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History of AT

• During the US Civil War great strides were made
  in the development of prostheses, especially for
  the legs.
• A socket was developed by Parmelee in 1863 that
  is still used in modern prostheses.
• Although the original was made of wood and
  leather whereas its modern equivalent is made
  from metal and plastics.

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History of AT

• The development of the microprocessor and
  subsequent innovations have resulted in
• synthesized speech,
• robotic aids, and
• computer graphics.

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Acronyms and Abbreviations

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Acronyms and Abbreviations

• AAC Augmentative and Alternative Communication

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Acronyms and Abbreviations

• AT Assistive Technology

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Acronyms and Abbreviations

• IDEA Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
  1990

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Acronyms and Abbreviations

• IEP Individual Education Programme

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Acronyms and Abbreviations

• OCR Optical Character Recognition - a type of
  software used in scanners. Printed material, when
  scanned, is converted into text in a word
  processing programme.

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Acronyms and Abbreviations

• OT Occupational Therapist or Therapy

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Acronyms and Abbreviations

• MPT Matching Person and Technology

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Acronyms and Abbreviations

• SEN Special Educational Needs

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Acronyms and Abbreviations

• VR Voice Recognition

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Irish Organisations

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Department of Education and Science

• http//www.irlgov.ie/educ/generalpolicy/generalpol
  icy.htm
• Details of the IT2000 Report also a short list of
  reports on special needs.

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National Centre for Technology in Education (NCTE)

• http//www.ncte.ie/
• 23 School Integration Projects (SIPs) have been
  set up for special needs. These Projects were set
  up in Special Schools around the country as well
  as Learning Support in mainstream schools.
  Details of these Projects are on the NCTE website
  under the SIP under current projects.

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SCOILNET.IE

• http//scoilnet.ie
• The Special Needs section provides information
  for teachers, parents and students on categories
  of SEN, ICT advise for students with specific,
  guidelines on how to evaluate software and some
  case studies of individual children with specific
  impairments and ICT solutions.

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Irish Association for Teachers in Special
Education (IATSE)

• http//www.iatse.ie/
• IATSE is an association of and for teachers and
  educators of pupils with special educational
  needs in Ireland. It aims to spread knowledge
  among all teachers involved in special education
  and to promote and encourage research in this
  area.

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Irish Learning Support Association (ILSA)

• http//www.ilsa.ie
• The ILSA is a teacher organisation to facilitate
  the continuos improvement to the service provided
  to children with learning disabilities, so that
  these children have the access to the
  professional expertise of Learning Support
  Teachers and other relevant services.

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Central Remedial Clinic (CRC)

• http//www.crc.ie
• The Central Remedial Clinic is a non-residential
  national centre for the care, treatment and
  development of children and adults with physical
  disabilities. Services are provided for people
  with physical conditions ranging from the very
  rare to the more familiar, such as cerebral
  palsy, spina bifida, muscular dystrophy and
  arthrogryposis.

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Dyslexia Association of Ireland (DAI)

• http//www.dyslexia.ie/
• The DAI is an organisation which promotes
  awareness of specific learning disability
  (dyslexia) and to serve the needs of people with
  this difficulty.

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EnableIreland

• http//www.enableireland.ie
• Enable Ireland is the country's largest provider
  of services to people with physical disabilities
  and their families.

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National Council for the Blind of Ireland (NCBI)

• http//www.ncbi.ie
• The council seeks to encourage the economic,
  social and intellectual independence of members
  through the provision of a range of services such
  a mobility, daily living skills, library
  services, telephony skills and rehabilitation
  training.

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Muscular Dystrophy Ireland (MDI)

• http//www.mdi.ie/
• MDI provides support to persons with
  neuromuscular conditions and their families
  through the provision of a range of support
  services.

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USA Organisations

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Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive
Technology Society of North America (RESNA)
USA

• http//resna.org
• RESNA is an organisation for those engaged in the
  research, development, and application of
  assistive technology and rehabilitation
  engineering. RESNA's purpose is to improve the
  potential of people with disabilities to achieve
  their goals through the use of technology. RESNA
  serves that purpose by promoting research,
  development, education, advocacy and provision of
  technology and by supporting the people engaged
  in these activities. Run in conjunction with the
  University of Florida

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AbleData
USA

• http//www.abledata.com/
• ABLEDATA is a federally funded project whose
  primary mission is to provide information on
  assistive technology and rehabilitation equipment
  available from domestic and international sources
  to consumers, organisations, professionals, and
  caregivers within the United States.

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Alliance for Technology Access (ATA)
USA

• http//www.ataccess.org/
• The mission of the ATA is to increase the use of
  technology by children and adults with
  disabilities and functional limitations. ATA
  encourages and facilitates the empowerment of
  people with disabilities to participate fully in
  their communities. Through public education,
  information and referral, capacity building in
  community organisations, and advocacy/policy
  efforts, the ATA enables millions of people to
  live, learn, work, define their futures, and
  achieve their dreams.

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Family Center on Technology Disability
USA

• http//www.fctd.info/
• The Family Center on Technology and Disability
  (FCTD) is a resource designed to support
  organisations and programs that work with
  families of children and youth with disabilities.
  FCTD offer a range of information and services on
  the subject of assistive and instructional
  technologies.

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Australian Organisations

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Australian Human Rights Equal Opportunity
Commission
Australia

• http//www.hreoc.gov.au/disability_rights/standard
  s/standards.html
• The Disability Discrimination Act 1992 requires
  equal access on the WWW for people with a
  disability in employment, education, provision of
  services, banking, entertainment, public
  transport, activities of voluntary associations.

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Australian Rehabilitation Assistive Technology
Association
Australia

• http//www.arata.org.au/
• Open to a wide range of people, including those
  who are working with or using assistive
  technology, as well as individuals who have a
  general interest in the use of assistive
  technology for people with disabilities.
  Australian equivalent of European AAATE.

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European Organisations

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The Disability Intergroup
Europe

• http//www.disabilityintergroup.eu/
• The representative organisation of persons with
  disabilities in Europe. The Disability Intergroup
  of the European Parliament is an informal
  grouping of Members of the European Parliament
  (MEPs) from all nationalities and most political
  groups who are interested in promoting the
  disability policy in their work at the European
  Parliament as well as in the national contexts.

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European Agency for Development in Special Needs
Education
Europe

• http//www.european-agency.org
• This body aims to collect and process information
  and knowledge that is available in individual
  countries and make them available to other
  countries that may need them. The information is
  about special needs in 18 participating countries
  as well as innovative measures, research and
  development at the national and European levels.

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The European Disability Forum (EDF)
Europe

• http//www.edf-feph.org/
• The European Disability Forum (EDF) is an
  independent European non-governmental
  organisation (ENGO) that represents the interests
  of 65 million disabled people in the European
  Union and stands for their rights. EDF is the
  only European platform of disabled people, which
  is run by disabled people or the families of
  disabled people unable to represent themselves.

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France - CRPF
Europe

• http//www.cos-crpf.com/
• Centre de Readaptation Professionnelle et
  Fonctionnelle de Nanteau-sur-Lunain (CRPF) offers
  state of the art vocational training facilities
  to people at risk of exclusion, including people
  with disabilities.

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UK - British Educational and Communications
agency (BECTa)
Europe

• http//schools.becta.org.uk/index.php?catcodess_t
  l_inc_02sectiontl
• The Inclusion and Special Needs Section of this
  web site investigates a series of issues on SEN
  and ICT in schools, research projects,
  information sheets on different areas of SEN and
  impairments. The site also has an extensive
  directory of organisations that can provide
  information to teachers, parents and students on
  the implementation of AT.

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Sweden - CERTEC
Europe

• http//www.english.certec.lth.se/
• This is a division of Rehabilitation Engineering
  Research, Department of Design at Lund
  University, Sweden. It provides research and
  courses to contribute to improve opportunities
  for people with disabilities by developing more
  usable technical devices, new design concepts and
  new individual methods of learning and searching.
  A rich resource of case studies, research papers,
  publications and strong theories and methods
  behind the research.

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Belarus Society of the Deaf
Europe

• http//www.wfdeaf.org/members.aspx?lB
• Belarussian Society of the Deaf is a member of
  the World Federation of the Deaf (WFD), an
  international, an international,
  non-governmental, central organization of
  national associations of the Deaf. WFD's large
  membership reaches across many continents and
  emphasizes removing barriers to communication and
  improving the situation of sign language.

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European Organisations

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Learning Disabilities Association of Canada (LDAC)
Canada

• http//www.ldac-taac.ca
• The organization's mission is to be the national
  voice for persons with learning disabilities and
  those who support them. LDAC is dedicated to a
  level playing field for individuals with learning
  disabilities to enable them to function as
  citizens with equitable opportunities and to
  develop to their chosen potential.

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Canadian Association of the Deaf (CAD)
Canada

• http//www.cad.ca/
• The CAD provides consultation and information on
  Deaf needs and interests to the public, business,
  media, educators, governments and others. They
  conduct research and collect data regarding Deaf
  issues issue reports on these studies and
  provide expertise on them develop and implement
  pilot programs. They also offer assistance to
  Deaf organizations and service agencies across
  the country.

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Abilities.ca
Canada

• http//www.abilities.ca/
• This web site links people with disabilities to a
  world of resources both on a national and
  international scale. The site also has a search
  engine for over 5,000 Organisations in Canada
  that deal with disabilities.

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Canadian National Institute for the Blind (CNIB)
Canada

• http//www.cnib.ca/
• The Canadian National Institute for the Blind
  (CNIB) is a national voluntary agency providing
  services to individuals across Canada to whom
  loss of vision is a central problem in personal
  and social adjustments. The CNIB also acts as a
  consultant and resource agency to the helping
  professions, government departments and private
  industries.