The History of Medicine

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The History of Medicine

• Imhoptep the first physician on record. Did
  trephining (boring out the skulls of pharoahs to
  relive
• Headaches. How do we know the patients survived?

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Witch Doctoring

• Before Egyptian times, primitive mans life
  expectancy was under 20 years
• Some herbs were used by witch doctors for
  treatment in the medicine of folklore
• Evil spirits caused disease

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What are these?
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• Maggots! Used back in midevil times to clean
  wounds of dead debris, and today have been
  rediscovered as still very effective in cleaning
  severe burns and trauma wounds.

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Maggots are being sold again to clean wounds even
today. They are sterile normally and bred to
stay that way
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Ancient Chinese Medicine

• Recognized spirit involved in health and disease
• Emphasized use of herbs and roots
• Lifespan up to thirty years of age
• Accupuncture used
• Li Shizhen father of traditional Chinese medicine

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Ancient Greeks 1000 B.C.

• Hippocrates Observed and studied diseases,
  ethics of medicine used today
• Aristotle Dissected corpses
• Both understood disease processes and treated
  with massage, herbs, hygiene
• First hospitals, medical school and mental
  institution!

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• Where three roads come together in ancient Rome,
  travelers would often share the latest gossip.
  The name for little bits of meaningless
  information, comes from this history what do we
  call little bits of gossipy items of news?

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• Trivia! ( or Trithree viasroad stuff)

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Roman Medicine

• 500 B.C. Cared for soldiers humanely
• Hospitals and home health care
• Monastaries became hospitals
• Priests often practiced medicine too
• City sanitation system, aqueducts
• Sewers invented !
• Filtered bath water
• Galen, famous Roman physician, studied disease
  and dissected
• Lifespan 35 years of age

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• The most important advancement in public health
  was likely the separation of drinking water from
  poop water!

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Dark Ages 750 A.D.

• Medical studies forbidden
• Spiritual studies encouraged
• Church treated the infirm
• Devil is in the disease
• Herbs, prayer
• Lifespan 25 yrs
• Witch burning
• Women hysterics/lunatics!!!

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Middle Ages (1000-1500AD)

• Black death killed one third of Europes pop.
• Rhazes (al-Razi) the Arabian Hippocrates, good
  diagnostician, understood disease processes of
  the blood, invented sutures from gut
• Arab physicians developed modern medical care
• Arabian physicians were required to be certified

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Renaissance (finally) 1400-1600 AD

• Lenardo Da Vinci and Michelangelo both dissected
  human bodies to understand human anatomy
• Versalius wrote first anatomy textbook
• Medical schools developed at Oxford and Cambridge
  and other European cities
• Lifespan was almost 40 yrs. old

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Medicine of the 16th/17th centuries

• William Harvey described blood circulation in
  vessels
• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope
• Apothecaries developed medications
• Life expectancy 45 yrs old

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!8th century Medicine

• Dr. John Hunter developed surgical techniques
  still used today Physician and surgeon and
  educator
• James Lind discovered cure for scurvy
• Edward Jenner found vaccine for smallpox
• Lifespan, 50 yrs old

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Medicine of the 19th century

• Barbers became surgeons by extracting teeth,
  leeching and using enemas
• First blood transfusion done
• Stethescope invented
• Drs. Started treating mental disorders
• First nursing school established in Germany,
  Florence Nightingale a graduate
• Washing of Drs. Hands encouraged by Dr. Semmelweis

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Leechings sucked the bad blood with infection
out of you
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Blood lettings
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Why do barber poles look like they do?
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Cleaning up before treating
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19th century continued

• Dr. Wm. Morton discovered ether as an anesthetic
  (American dentist)
• Dr. James Simpson discovered chloroform as
  anesthetic
• Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, first female physician
  in U.S.
• Florence Nightingale founded modern nursing and
  nursing schools
• Dr. Joseph Lister developed antiseptics for
  surgeons
• Louis Pasteur, developed connection between germs
  and disease, vaccine theory, pasteurization,
  rabies and anthrax vaccines
• Robert Koch,Father of Microbiology, culturing
  methods, isolating disease causing organizms
• Wilhelm Roentgen, discovered X rays
• Lifespan 60 yrs old

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Elizabeth Blackwell
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Florence Nightingale
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William Morton (ether)
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Louis Pasteur
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Robert Koch (father of microbiology)
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Wilhelm Roentgen
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Madame Marie Curie (radium)
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Margaret Sanger Dr. Michael DeBakeyDr. Denton
Cooley
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20th Century Miracles

• Walter Reed discovered mosquitos carry yellow
  fever
• Madame Marie Curie discovered Radium
• Sigmund Freud founded psychiatry and psychology
• Banting and Best discovered insulin and used it
  to treat DM
• 1920s brought health insurance
• Sir Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin
• Dr. George Papanicolaou found a test
• Jonas Salk discovered vaccine for polio
• 1960 birth control pills discovered
• First liver and lung transplants and limb
  reattachments
• Amniocentesis discovered
• AIDS discovered in 1981
• First gene therapy in 1990
• First cloning in 1997
• Life expectancy 70 yrs old

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The future????????

• What do you think would likely be developed in
  our lifetime based on what you have seen over the
  last 6 thousand year history just described?

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Why did physicians in the middle ages use leeches?
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Targeted Chemotherapy Killing the tumor ONLY
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Gene Therapy killing the cancer genes before you
get the disease
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Incisionless surgery
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Goodbye Gallstones
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Meet your Doctor (DaVinci)
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Super surgery, remotely
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Meet your pharmacist
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Why do we shake with our right hand?
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Super surgery online done by remote control
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Unstopping clogged arteries with stents
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Whats next?

• Can you contribute to prolonging life,
  eliminating suffering and giving you and your
  children hope for a disease free life?

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Medical delivery systems and government monitoring

• Private office vs. clinic

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Long Term Care Facility (LTCF) Assisted living
vs. nursing home
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Hospice Care Facility
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Home Health Care
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Rehab physical therapy, Occupational ther.,
drugs, ethanol
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PT vs. OT
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Health Insurance

• Carrier Aetna, Blue Cross, Humana, Cigna, etc.
• Provider Doctors, nurses, hospitals, PTs,
  optometrists, chiropractors, nursing homes,
• The Insured you, the patient who is being
  treated
• Premium your monthly bill
• Deductible What you pay before ins. Starts to
  pay. Co-pay percentage ins doesnt pay

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• Medicare Government ins. For the elderly over 65
  y.o.
• Medicaid Government ins. For the indigent.
• CHIPs Government health insurance for indigent
  children

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Types of private health ins.

• Major Medical ins straight 80 per cent of your
  bills are paid for by carrier and you pay 20 per
  cent.
• PPO Preferred provider network. Ins. Company
  contracts with MDs, hospitals, etc. (providers)
  to lower rates and creates a network of preferred
  docs for agreed prices to contain med.costs or
  go out of network but ins co. pays less of it and
  no restriction of prices.
• HMO health maintanance organization. In network
  only!!

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• What does the CDC, FDA, OSHA, WHO, DEA,NIH
  do??????